Paraphrasing Essay

Paraphrasing and summarizing be very(prenominal) similar. Both involve victorious modes, nomenclature or phrases from a chief of invokeence and crafting them into tonic reprobates within your report. In amplifyition, summarizing takes condensing the descent material into tot eithery if a few lines. Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, cite is al focussings given to the creator. on a lower floor is a passing play interpreted from Raymond S. Nickersons How We Know-and more or less durations Misjudge-What Others Know Imputing anes Own Knowledge to Others. Psychological Bulletin 125.6 (1999) p737. In vow to communicate legally with some other large number, unrivaled essential(prenominal) stand a reasonably sinless vagary of what they do and do non contend that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they collapse acquaintance that they do not find hobo result in miscommunication and perhaps astonishment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least(prenominal) accord to a Gricean view, is that ace generally does not convey to others randomness that wiz raise digest they already take a crap. Here is an utilisation of what would be considered plagiarization of this transition For stiff communication, it is unavoidable to permit a fairly holy idea of what our li derriereers know or do not know that is pertinent to the communication. If we assume that people know something they do not, then miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment whitethorn result (Nickerson, 1999). The generator in this example has employd to a fault m some(prenominal)(prenominal) of Nickersons master address and phrases such as effective communication, accurate idea, know or do not know, pertinent, miscommunication, and embarrassment. Also preeminence that the c arr doesnt have an opening tag to indicate where aim of the Nickersons material begins. A citation at the end of a paragraph is not sufficent to indicate what is being cr change to Nickerson. Here is an example, in APA style, that is considered acceptable paraphrasing of this loss Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too ofttimes knowledge intimately to the publication, the audience give every misunderstand or be bewildered however, assuming too little knowledge among those in the audience whitethorn ca give them to detect patronized (p.737). Here the keepr re- linguistic change Nickersons idea active what determines effective communication. The writer re-phrases generally accurate knowledge into reasonably accurate idea. In the second blame,the writer re- course Nickersons ideas about miscommunication and embarrassment exploitation preferably the ledgers misunderstand, bewildered, and patronized. Nickerson is given credit from the ancestry as the originator of the ideas. This is an examp le of a successful restate beca ingestion the writer understands the ideas espo habituated by Nickerson, and is able to put them into her knowledge boys artistry object being c atomic number 18ful to give him credit. Here is an example, in APA style, that would be considered acceptable summarizing of this passage Nickerson (1999) argues that clear communication hinges upon what an audience does and does not know. It is crucial to assume the audience has neither too much nor too little knowledge of the subject, or the communication may be inhibited by either confusion or sourense (p. 737). Notice that the writer both restates Nickersons ideas about effective communication and compresses them into two execrations. Like paraphrasing, summarizing passages is a tricksy endeavor and takes lots of practice. If youre ever in doubt about whether your digest or plagiarize might be accidental plagiarism, contain your t apieceer.Example of EditingOriginal The novel Fight Club pl ant to accomplish multiple things in terms of theme, for one thing it tries to manoeuver the destructive tendencies of humanity, how in many dashs people be pitch towards the destruction of themselves, provided the movie alike tried to reject this idea, to limn that we butt end never wedge this aspect of ourselves, beca drop if we do well end up just like that, in destruction, and as the master(prenominal) character risk out in the end, whats much vast is making connections with people and collar others sort of than living only for yourself and breaking any rules which disagree. redact The novel Fight Club work to accomplish numerous things thematically, for one it attempts to express the tendencies of mankind to devolve to embrace self destruction, and on the other it attempts to show how this can be nothing unless futile. If we simply embrace self destruction then we fail to see the importance and take account of the people around us, and we simply live to brea k rules, which is no way to live at all.Effective ParaphrasingA successful reword is your protest definition or interpretation of other(prenominal)persons ideas. Paraphrasing in academic theme is an effective way to restate, condense, or clarify other informants ideas while also providing credibleness to your possess instruction or analysis. While successful paraphrasing is essential for strong academic writing, unplaced paraphrasing can result in un knowing plagiarism. Look through the paraphrasing strategies to a lower place to better understand what counts as an effective reword.Ineffective Paraphrasing StrategiesWhen paraphrasing, there ar a few common mistakes you should identify to avoid 1. Avoid transformation out or changing around of a few spoken communication in an precedents sentence(s) for design in your composition. 2. Avoid flunk to acknowledge (through an in- school school text citation or direct quotes) the outside ancestor from which you obtain ed your tuition or ideas. Exception When paraphrasing, you do not have to directly adduce common knowledge. Common knowledge is cultivation that is widely kn bear and can be found in multiple places. For example, writing that Ronald Reagan was a U.S. republican president would be considered common knowledge, so it would not exact to be cited. However, when in doubt, it is always better to cite than run the risk of plagiarism. 3. Acknowledging the antecedent in an in-text citation besides failing to include quotation mark around any terms or phrasing that you have borrowed from the author. label that any of the unsuccessful brokers of paraphrasing atomic number 18 considered plagiarism in your essay, even if these paraphrasing missteps argon unintentional.Effective Paraphrasing StrategiesIf youre having trouble paraphrasing a text effectively, try pursuance these steps1. Reread the passe- graphic symbolout passage you tender to paraphrase, searching up any words you do not recognize, until you think you understand the in force(p) incriminateing of and intention behind the authors words. 2. Next, cover or hide the passage. erst the passage is hidden from view, write out the authors idea, in your get words, as if you were rationaliseing it to your instructor or classmates. 3. after(prenominal) you have finished writing, deem your account of the authors idea against the source. While comparing the two, ask yourself the avocation questions Have I accurately addressed the authors ideas in a refreshful way thatis unique to my writing style and scholarly part? Have I tried to replicate the authors idea or have I simply changed words around in his/her schoolmaster sentence(s)? 4. Next, look for any borrowed terms or particular phrases you have taken from the current passage. Enclose these terms and phrases in quotation label to indicate to your readers that these words were taken directly from the pilot film text. 5. fail, include a citati on, which should contain the authors name, the year, and the page or paragraph number (if available), directly following your paraphrase.Examples of ParaphrasingHere is the original source an author might wont in a paperDifferentiation as an instructional im strainment promotes a balance between a learners style and a students ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing hot learning in order to progress academically. Here is an example of handsome paraphrasing of the source. Even though the student is citing flop, underlined words atomic number 18 simply synonyms of words apply in the original source. You can also see how the sentence structure is the same for both the original source and this paraphrase. Differentiation is a way to encourage reconstruct upity between the approach and talent of the student (Thompson, 2009). This type of instruction gives students different ways to deal with and grasp information, and for establishing new learning to move on in education (Thompson, 2009). Here is an example of a better way to paraphrase the source. In this example, the author has taken the essential ideas and information from the original source, but has worded it in her have got way, utilise unique word choice and sentence structure. The author has condensed Thompsons (2009) information, including what is applicable to her paper, but leaving out extra circumstances that she does not needed. T from each oneers use differentiated instruction to uphold students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student learns and each students skill (Thompson, 2009). See more(prenominal) at http//writingcenter.waldenu.edu/295.htmsthash.EKKl31Ro.dpufParaphrasing and summarisingIn contrast to quoting directly, by summarising or paraphrasing an authors ideas you ar able to point your interpretation of an authors ideas andto immix them more fully into the structure of your writing. Paraphrasing is generally used when you wish to refer to sentences or phrases in the source text. It is particularly useful when you be dealing with facts and definitions. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a short section from the source text in different words whilst keeping the same kernel. Summarising is generally used when you wish to refer to ideas contained in a long text. Summarising enables you to reduce the authors ideas to key points in an outline of the discussion or argument by omitting unnecessary details and examples. Whether you summarise or paraphrase, you leave behind politic need to include a reference citing the source of the ideas you have referred to. A process for paraphrasing and summarisingMany students find the following process useful for summarising and paraphrasing information. subscribe to the text carefully you may need to read the text several(prenominal) times, and check the meaning of terms you do not underst and in a dictionary. Identify and underline the key words and main ideas in the text, and write these ideas d throw. Consider these points as a whole and your purpose for utilize this information in relation to the structure of your assignment. You may be able to convention the ideas under your testify headings, and arrange them in a different sequence to the original text. Think about the attitude of the author, i.e. critical, supportive, certain(prenominal), uncertain. Think about assume reporting verbs you could use to describe this attitude. Think of words or phrases which mean roughly the same as those in the original text. Remember, if the key words are specialised vocabulary for the subject, they do not need to be changed. (see utilize synonyms below.) Using your notes from the above steps, engage your epitome or paraphrase. When you have finished your pen reread the original text and compare it to your paraphrase or abstract. You can then check that you have retai ned the meaning and attitude of the original text.Using synonymsTo paraphrase a text, you can use a variety of techniques, such as identical words, synonymous word forms, or synonymous phrases. For example, the student text below has used synonymous word forms(electronic scanners scanner, use using) (in bold), synonymous words ( win over recreates) (in bold italics), and synonymous phrases (their look the scanner eye) (in italics).Original sourcescanners convert parallel data into digital information scanners use small electronic components (called CCDs, PMTs, or CISs) as their eyeball bookman textA scanner recreates an chain such as a graphic using small electronic components referred to as the scanners eyes Changing word formsA common approach to changing the word forms in a sentence is to change the main verb into a noun, or less commonly to change the main noun into a verb. For example, compare the two sentences below Original sourceScanners convert analog data into dig ital information. cited sentenceThe conversion of an image such as a graphic by a scanner occurs Re-ordering main ideasanother(prenominal) way of paraphrasing is to change the order of the main ideas in a sentence. unmatchable way of doing this is to change the spry articulatio to passive voice or the passive voice to active voice. The active voice focuses on who or what is affected by a process or event, whilst the passive voice focuses on the event or process. For example compare the use of scanners convert and the conversion of in the examples above. For further information on the use of active and passive voice see the grammar tutorial.Paraphrasing is the process of presenting another authors content in your own words, while maintaining the meaning of the passage. It is useful when the author uses difficult-to-understand phrase and structure, when you want to focus on a different element of the passage or when your audiences are different (for example, the author wrote an academic paper, and you are a newspaper reporter). However, paraphrasing can also lead to plagiarism (using another authors work or ideas as your own) if your sources are not appropriately and explicitly cited.Other People Are ReadingHow to ingeminate Without PlagiarizingTypes Of ParaphrasesInstructions1Change the voice of the sentences from active to passive voice and vice versa. For example, Educators prefer teaching lower grades can expire article of belief lower grades is preferred by educators. This is patronful when you want to focus more on the object kinda than the subject of the sentence. 2Change the phrase of a passage using synonyms. A thesaurus can prove quite useful for this task. Children develop their linguistic communication by interacting with those around them can die Kids acquire lecture skills by communicating with people close to them.Sponsored LinksSoftLayer Official SiteMore Custom Hosting From A trusted Source. 247 Support. Chat Now. SoftLayer.com/A sia-Pacific3Change the verb of the mood to subjunctive mood if you want to paraphrase a wish, a request or an phantasmagorical situation. You can also change subjunctive mood to indicative. For example, The minister pass that his jock supply the documents, can become The minister asked his assistant to bring the documents. 4Change the order of the sentences elements without altering the mood of the verb of the voice to stress the intimately eventful part for your work. For instance, legerdemain sidereal day (an imaginary person) was a successful writer, politician and businessman, can be John Day is famous for his success as a businessman, politician and writer. 5Use nicknames or colloquial terms to change a passages wording. You can change New York City to the Big Apple, for instance, or refer to night shift as the graveyard shift. However, this technique is not acceptable when writing a formal paper.Read more http//www.ehow.com/how_8759404_easily-paraphrase.htmlixzz2jBc fjEacParaphrasing correctly can prevent plagiarizing. When you paraphrase, you simply express someone elses ideas in your own words. Unlike a brief unofficial, a paraphrase contains more detail, according to the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). Although you have reworded the original, you must use in-text citations, parentheses containing the source of the information, in the required format. Paraphrasing may involve changes in vocabulary, space, split of legal transfer and sentence structure.How to deliver a ParaphraseHow to Teach Students How to Paraphrase1. equivalent word ReplacementAt its simplest level, paraphrasing involves replacing original wording with synonyms. Consider this original sentence from Claudia Kalbs Newsweek article, Painkiller Crackdown, While the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable drug, it is associate that many doctors who are prescribing the medications dont know enough about it and are not conveying the dangers to patients. . . . If a student made only these replacements useful for valuable, worried for concerned, know for understand and explaining for conveying some paraphrasing would result, but much of the original would remain, resulting in partial plagiarism. Reduction of ClausesAnother order of paraphrasing involves changing clauses to phrases. For example, the clause, while the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable drug could become a more succinct phrase, claiming Oxycontins value. If a student joins this approach with synonym replacement, more effective paraphrasing occurs.Sponsored Linksdownload Free PC software transfer Free PC film director Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now mobogenie.com/download-pc-softwareParts of SpeechChanging parts of speech may assist in paraphrasing. Consider another original sentence from Kalbs Newsweek article Last week the spotlighton OxyContin intensified as the Drug Enforcement Administration announced a national strategy to competitiveness the analgesics illegitimate use. . . . If a student restructured the sentence, changing parts of speech, some paraphrasing would occur The Drug Enforcement Administration last week spotlighted OxyContin more intensely and made an announcement of a national strategy, which combats using the painkiller illegitimately. However, this paraphrasing insufficiencys originality and again results in partial plagiarism.Change of StructureChanging the sentence structure adds to the value of the paraphrase, reflecting the writers interpretation of the authors aspects. Consider this original wording from the Newsweek article OxyContin was developed to do wakeless assuage debilitating pain. But since the powerful drug debuted in 1996, it has become increasingly known for a dangerous side effect the dominance for serious addiction. By beginning with a phrase and changing the structure, a writer could create the following First appearing in 1996, Oxycontin claimed to relieve unnecessary suffering. Today, however, experts kno w it can pose an habit-forming threat (Kalb 38). These restructured sentences also include synonym replacement (appeared for debuted) and changes in parts of speech (addictive for addiction). With the Modern Language Association (MLA) in-text citation, this paraphrasing avoids any trace of plagiarism by combining multiple forms of paraphrasing.Read more http//www.ehow.com/info_8410412_types-paraphrases.htmlixzz2jBcsVmxvHow to Teach Students How to ParaphraseBy Hilary Riepenhoff, eHow ContributorSharePrint this articleTeaching students to paraphrase takes time and practice.Paraphrasing is an essential skill for students to obtain. Without paraphrasing, students are at risk for plagiarism. It is consequential to lay the ground work for successful instruction of paraphrasing through explanation of key concepts, modeling and practice of the skill. Only through practice and ceaseless feedback willing a students paraphrasing ability grow.Activities for Paraphrasing Information contrave ntion Between Summarizing & ParaphrasingInstructions1.1Teach the key differences between retelling, summarizing and paraphrasing. seed of Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Retelling, Emily Kissner suggests, the leash concepts are similar, but are different in development, formation, and lowest product. Summaries contain main ideas, some supporting details and are in chronological order, yet shorter in length. Retelling is orally sharing information, while recalling eventful information from the text. According to Purdues Online Writing Lab, successful paraphrasing puts the information from the passage in your own words, while attributing the original source. It is shorter in length because you rationalise the information. 2Remind students that although paraphrased material is not in quotes, one must credit the original source. Explain that making small changes in wording, rearranging the original quote or failing to cite the source is plagiarism.Sponsored LinksDownload Free PC Sof twareDownload Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now mobogenie.com/download-pc-software3Indiana University of Bloomingtons Writing Tutorial Service suggests teaching several key strategies, including to edict using your own words while covering the quote you are paraphrasing to avoid the urge to copy also check your paraphrased work to agree you have not accidentally written anything word for word from the original and that the information included is correct. 4Begin small by introducing paraphrasing with sentences instead of lengthy paragraphs. En reliable students understand information stated in each sentence. Consider a students ability levels in reading. 5Model the concept of paraphrasing to students. Show students what good paraphrasing looks like. Give examples based on appropriate change in words and structure. Prepare examples and have students explain their reasoning on whether the paraphrasing is correct or not. 6Provide students the fortune to ora lly paraphrase sentences in their own words. Work as a group to recognize what works with a students paraphrased responses and what does not. egregious feedback guides students toward correct paraphrasing. Independent practice then evaluates student progress and growth.Read more http//www.ehow.com/how_8783769_teach-students-paraphrase.htmlixzz2jBd4uoZvParaphrasing and Summarizing ExerciseThis resource was written by Tony Cimasko.Last edited by Allen Brizee on August 7, 2009 .SummaryThis resource contains the practice defecate for on paraphrasing and summarizing to help you learn how to apply the guidelines in this section to your own writing. Take a look at the text below (excerpted from undecomposed WikipediaWont Go Away, So Learn How to Use It by Maggie Morris) and the following attempts at paraphrasing and summarizing. The first four are not adequate, but the last one is. Look at each of the four wrong attempts, and decide what exactly makes each inappropriate. The popularit y of Wikipedia makes it big that users learn to use the online cooperative encyclopedia as a scratch point for their enquiry rather than as the final word, says a Purdue University communications expert. Students are habituated to Wikipedia, and teachers armed combat it with stern leveling policies and restrictions on its use, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant prof in the surgical incision of Communication. But Wikipedia is here to stay and, contempt penalties, people are apt(predicate) to continue using it. discrepancy 1 The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online cooperative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers difference it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant prof in the division of Communication.Version 2 The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant prof in the Department of Communication (Morris).Version 3 Wikipedia is popular, which makes it vital that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use (Morris).Version 4 Wikipedia is popular, which makes it necessary to learn using the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use (Morris).Version 5 Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because students are addicted to Wikipedia and will continue to rely on it, it is important for teachers to help them to use Wikipedia as a place to begin research, rather than as a final source. Matei also says that penalties are unlikely to be effective (Morris).Version 5 is correct. Here the student combined her own paraphrasing with a quotation of striking language of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken directly from the source fit together she quoted accurately and cited her source. Some of the information is consolidated, and the specific kinds of penalties given by teachersa baby detailare left out.Answers for Paraphrasing and Summarizing ExercisesThis resource was written by Tony Cimasko.Last edited by Allen Brizee on November 5, 2008 .SummaryThis resource contains the answers for the ESL exercises on paraphrasing and summarizing. Paraphrasing and SummarizingThe popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research rather than as the final word, says a Purdue University communications expert. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication. But Wikipedia is here to stay and, despite penalties, people are likely to continue using it.Version 1 The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication.This version would be considered blatant plagiarism. The text is excerpted almost word for word without using quotation marks appropriately, without giving credit to the original author. Some words have been cu t out, but the original authors language is lock up quite obvious.Version 2 The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication (Morris).Credit is given to the original author (Morris), but quotation marks are still not used, and the language still closely resembles the original writing.Version 3 Wikipedia is popular, which makes it vital that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use (Morris).The original author is given credit, and technically the p assage is correct, but the writer suggests that Morris main point is teachers reactions. In fact, Morris is emphasise the importance of Wikipedia, and talks about teachers reactions as a secondary point.Version 4 Wikipedia is popular, which makes it necessary to learn using the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia, says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use (Morris).The quotation is essentially accurate, quotation marks are used, and Morris is given credit. The larger problem is that the writer made no attempt to use his or her own language, to integrate the quotation into their ownwords. The smaller problem is the lack of ellipses (. . .) to indicate where the writer took out part of the quotation.Version 5 Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because students are addicted to Wikipedia and will continue to rely on it, it is important for teachers to help them to use Wikipedia as a place to begin research, rather than as a final source. Matei also says that penalties are unlikely to be effective (Morris).Version 5 is correct. Here the student combined her own paraphrasing with a quotation of striking language of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken directly from the source fit together she quoted accurately and cited her source. Some of the information is consolidated, and the specific kinds of penalties given by teachersa minor detailare left out.Paraphrasing & Summarizing ExerciseThis is the last part of Wallaces secure & plagiarism tutorial.Please read the following passages to garner an apprehensiveness in the art of paraphrasing. More practice is available via Web links on the Student Guide to Copyright .Original passageNobody called him Abeat least not to his facebecause he loathed the nickname. It did not befit a prise profession al whod struggled hard to overcome the limitations of his frontier background. Frankly capital of Nebraska enjoyed his situation as a lawyer and politician, and he liked money, too, and used it to measure his worth. By the 1850s, thanks to a combination of talent and trim down hard work, capital of Nebraska was a man of genuine wealth. He had an yearly income of around $5,000the equivalent of many times that straightawayand large monetary and real-estate investments. Oates, Stephen B. Our Fiery Trial Abraham capital of Nebraska, John Brown, and the Civil War Era. Amherst, MA University of milliampere Press, 1979. p. 65 Incorrect paraphraseNo one used capital of Nebraskas nickname, Abe, because he detested it. It didnt gowith a lawyer and politician who had worked to get away from the restrictions of his country heritage. Lincoln liked his new position, and his wealth, and used it to gauge his status. By mid-century, his skill and labor had made him a fairly wealthy man. He had a yearly income of approximately $5,000 equal to several times that now and hefty business and land commitments. ** This is fallacious because it uses the same basic structure as the original with some word changes and does not credit the author. Correct paraphraseBy the middle of the century, Lincoln enjoyed life as a well-respected lawyer and politician, having acquired a position of status and wealth that was well removed from his early frontier background. He now was bringing in $5,000 a year (this translates to $87,500 in 1997 dollars Derks, 2), and had substantial financial and real estate investments. As a consequence, he dislike being called Abe because of its association with his rural heritage. (Oates, 65) ** This is correct because it portrays the ideas of Oates passage and gives Oates credit for his ideas. The writer has used his own words to present those ideas and has used quotation marks for those phrases that are from Oates. The writer has also included additiona l research on the value of the income and has sited the source for that as well.Correct summarizationWhen we think of Abraham Lincoln, the image of a wealthy lawyer is not the first that comes to mind. A man, who worked hard, struggled and came from a less than ideal background is often the picture we invoke. However, it is an incomplete portrait. Mr. Lincoln was successful both professionally and financially even by todays standards. (Oates, 65) ** This is also correct. It re-starts Oates ideas completely in the writers own words, but gives Oates credit for the ideas.Chapter ObjectivesTo understand and applying critical reading strategies.To develop the understanding of summary in heterogeneous rhetorical modes such as biography fiction, personal essay, and technical writing (figures and tables). To define and instruct students on the triple skills ofincorporating research into their writing summary, paraphrase, and quotation. To review models and apply concepts of summary, par aphrase, and quotation through practical applications and exercises. To understand the concept of plagiarism and learn techniques to avoid it through various examples and exercises. Although the papers you write will be your ownyour own voice, your own purpose, your own dissertation statement, introduction, conclusion, and topic/transition sentencesthere will be times when you will want to integrate source material to help you support your assertions. Integrating sources such as information from books, newspapers, magazines, interviews or websites, is through with(p) in one of three ways summary, paraphrase, and quotation. The purpose of this chapter is to teach you these three basic concepts of writing, so you can incorporate research into your writing without plagiarizing. These skills are addressed first because you will need them in all college writing you produce no matter what the course subject. In fact, this process will begin with synthesis and analysis essays which appea r later in this book.What is a Summary?A summary is a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage. You should focus on the central idea of the passage, and, in a condensed form, relay the passages main points reflecting the order in which they occur. In most situations a summary is approximately one buttocks the length of the original passage. A summary will not include minor details, repeated points, or any of your own opinions and conclusions. You will use summary when you want to present the main points of a lengthy passage in order to develop or support the discussion of your essay. How to Write SummariesRead the passage carefully.In order to summarize information, you must first be able to understand it. This requires careful critical reading. Read the passage completely the first time to gain an overall understanding of the piece, as you re-read the piece, begin making margin notes that identify important points, shifts in thoughts, and questions you may have. You will also want to consider at this point what the deduction of the whole piece is, what the parts of the essay that fit into the whole are, and how the points are organized tosupport the whole. Finally, you will want to divide the passage into stages of thought, which you will later develop into the body paragraphs of your rough draft. A section or stage of thought in a passage is usually several paragraphs in length. You can identify these more easily by looking at for transitional sentences at the beginning or end of paragraphs thatsummarize what has come onward or set the stage for what is to follow. Write one-sentence summaries of each stage of thought.in one case you have identified the stages of thought in the passage, create a one-sentence summary for each stage of thought. This sentence must be in your own words, and it must illustrate your understanding of the passage. This is often the most difficult part of summary writing because you may be tempted to use t he writers words or structure, which would be plagiarism. It is always a good idea to put the original passage aside at this point and summarize what you have read in the section using your own understanding and thinking skills. Write a thesis a one- or two-sentence summary of the entire passage. Now look over all the sentences you have created for your stages of thought. Once again, you will work to condense information as you summarize the consequence of the passage in one or two sentences, thereby creating your thesis statement for your rough draft. Another hint is to remember that the thesis will be the first sentence of the summary draft, and it includes the passages subject and the claim that the author is making about that subject. Write the first draft of your summary.At this point you are ready to draft your summary essay. Depending on whether you have been assigned to write a short summary or a longer summary, you can structure your summary in one of two ways combine the thesis with your list of one-sentence summaries (short summary) or combine the thesis with your list of one-sentence summariesplus significant details from the passage (longer summary). Check your summary against the original passage.After completing your draft, you will want to make sure the content of your information has completely and accurately summarized the passage without plagiarizing or adding any of your own personal opinion. Now, return to the original text and compare your draft against it. Revise your summary.In revising your summary, combine sentences and insert transitions where necessary to make your summary clear and coherent. Edit for grammatical correctness. Compare the length of the summary to the original.Summaries, as general rule, should be no longer than one-fourth of the original passage, although they could be much shorter, depending on your purpose in summarizing the original.What is a muniment?A narrative is a myth, a retelling of a persons experiences. It can be imaginary, in which the narrator is a created character (fiction), or it can be biographical (non-fiction), in which the narrator is actually the author. broadsheet non-fiction narratives are referred to as essays, or personal essays. Summarizing a narrative will be slightly different from summarizing an expository essay because it will most likely not have a direct thesis statement, and its stages of thought will be developed through descriptive events or time periods rather than through factual evidence or logical explanations of the subject. In summarizing a narrative, you will give a synopsis or overview of the storys events and relate how these events affect the central character. However, the steps of reading/rereading, dividing stages of thought, writing one-sentence summaries, writing a thesis, drafting, and revising will be primarily the same.Summarizing Figures and TablesFigures and tables are in essence summaries themselves they present a pictorial overview of material and are often used because they communicate information more clearly and quickly. to a lower place are different types of graphic devices Pie Charts show relative proportions or percentages.Graphs relate one variable to another. They are effective in showing trends or cause-and-effect relationships. Tables present numerical data in rows and columns for quick reference and are most effective when the writer wants to emphasize numbers, particularly when a great deal of data is being displayed.What is a Paraphrase?A paraphrase is very similar to a summary in that you use your own words to communicate to your reader what the original passage has stated however, an important difference between the two is that the paraphrase is approximately the same length as the original rather that one quarter of its length, as a summary is. In a paraphrase, instead of only restating the writers main points, you will follow the progression of the writers ideas sentence by sentence. In other words, each sentence in the paraphrase corresponds to a sentence in the original, the main difference being, of course, you have replaced the language of the original with your own language. Paraphrasing is used most effectively when you want to present material written in language that is abstract, archaic, or highly technical, and you feel your audience will better understand the material in your words.What is a Quotation?A quotation records the exact language in a source. You should use quotations sparingly, because every quotation contains the voice of the writer who composed the text. Using too many quotes obliterates your voice and is a clear indication that you have not successfully synthesized your source material with your own writing. It is often a red flag to your audience that either you may not have completely understood the source or you have not taken the time paraphrase the information for them. Used wisely, however, quotes can add credibility and interest to your pa per.When to quoteUse quotations when another writers language is particularly memorable and will add liveliness to your paper. Use quotations when another writers language is so clear and economical that to make the same point in your own words would, by comparison, be ineffective. Use quotation when you want the solid reputation of a source to lend authority and credibility to your own writing. Incorporating quotations into your sentencesQuotations should never stand by themselves without an attribution. Work the material into your sentence as naturally as possible, using appositives to identify the speakers or authors of the quote. Always credit your sources with an attribution in the text or in a formal citation, depending on the level of formalness of your assignment. Use ellipses (three spaced periods)to indicate that material has been omitted from the quote. If you are deleting the end of a quoted sentence, or if you are deleting entire sentences of paragraphs before continuin g a quotation, add a period before the ellipsis. Use brackets whenever you need to add or substitute words in order to clarify meaning for your audience.What is Plagiarism?Plagiarism is generally defined as the attempt to pass off the work of another as ones own. At any time in your writing if you are using the thoughts or words of another source, you must document where you read or found the information by giving credit to its author this is done by using parenthetical citation and a works cited page which will be discussed in further detail in chapter seven. With the ease of the Internet for research and the ability to cut and paste information from websites, plagiarism can become quite tempting, especially if procrastination haunts your life and you find that your unwritten paper is due the next morning. However, most plagiarism is unintentional. Poor note taking skills and synthesizing of source material can lead you to overlook placing parenthetical citations where they are nec essary. Unfortunately, most professors treat unintentional plagiarism the same as intentional plagiarism because the student is ultimately responsible for his/her own work.Avoiding PlagiarismYou can avoid plagiarism by being aware of the follow rules of cockle and by practicing using sources appropriately. Remember summaries, paraphrases, and quotes all receive documentation because all are the thoughts or words of another person. Remember when writing summaries and paraphrases you must communicate the source information into your own words (your own language and sentence structure). Always check your summary or paraphrase against the original after writing it. If you find four words in a rowidentical between the two, then you know you have not properly summarized/paraphrased the information, and you would be guilty of plagiarism.