10 Classic Poems on Gardens and Gardening

Article Abstract Assignments Example

Essays on Article Abstract Assignments Article The NCAA Cartel and Competitive Balance in College Football by E. Woodrow Eckard. Research question: Whatimpact does NCAA has in college football? The author is establishing a premise, reliable enough to help in making any inference regarding the role of NCAA in College Football. There is, therefore, the consideration of the period before the NCAA enforcement and during the enforcement of the regulation. Eckard has used both the empirical and theoretical approach of presenting his paper. The Cartel argument presents a theoretical approach, that the NCAA regulations and enforcement hinder improvements on weak teams, as well as protecting competition in strong teams. Additionally, NCAA uses a â€Å"stratification† strategy, â€Å"less churning† over years in national rankings as well as conference standings. The author chooses to refer to the context of football, before and after 1952; the period when NCCA regulations were adopted. The paper reveals of the role of NCAA, through the recruitment process, players’ eligibility, and compensation. Eckard uses empirical data tests to help in testing the reliability of hypotheses. The data is discussed, and eventually there is the presentation of the statistical results preceding the conclusion. Although the establishment of NCAA can be traced as early as in 1906, its enforcement authority was accorded to it following the adoption of the 1948’s Sanity Code (Falla, 1981). However, the enforcement authority proved ineffective, and the Sanity Code was reinstituted in 1951. The establishment of the present NCAA regulatory structure has turned the institution an economic cartel. Essentially, the regulations limit the compensation due to athletes to room and board, tuition, and books in order to the guiding by NCAA, â€Å"Principle of Amateurism† (NCAA Manual, 1993). On the other hand, NCAA ascribes that the economic regulations that it applies help in promoting competitive balance. The overall goal of NCAA is to attain a competitive equity while considering every member school (NCCA Manual, 1993). The additional principles governing the concept of player recruitment and eligibility state, any related regulation should â€Å"promote equity among member institutions†, as well as â€Å"promote competitive equity among member institutions† (NCAA Manual, 1993). However, lack of oversight would give room for a number of schools to dominate through outbidding other institutions concerning top athletes. The main conclusion rests on the enforcement mechanism by NCAA over player eligibility recruiting and compensation introduced in 1952 constitutes most substantial operational shift in the history of college football. Additionally, the results obtained from the results indicate that competitive equity declined following the adoption of cartel enforcement in 1952. The author presents a reliable premise upon which he tests his hypothesis. The art of assessing both the perspectives of economists and NCCA regarding competitive balance helps the reader enlighten over competitive equity. The open TV contract competition over football games, after telecast ban, did not amount to the reduction on competitive balance. This observation indicates a conflict in the NCCA objectives; amateurism principle pursued at the expense of controlled competitive equity. The biggest criticism of the paper covers the regulations limit concerning the compensation due to athletes, in accordance to the guiding by NCAA, â€Å"Principle of Amateurism† (NCAA Manual, 1993). Economists argue that NCAA is a cartel, where members tend to â€Å"collude† in order to exhibit joint monopsony over football’s key input. Football players are less paid, while enriching the institution. There is also a lack of consistency in performance since 1952, following the enforcement mechanism; a fact that constrains college behaviors. There author does not provide any information on how competitive balance could have shifted while excluding the regulation by NCAA. Reference: Eckard, E. Woodrow. (1998). The NCAA Cartel and Competitive Balance in College Football. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

John Wong (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate)

Questions: Case Study John Wong is an 80 year old male of Chinese origin. Johns medical history includes hypothyroidism and osteoporosis and he smokes 10 cigarettes per day. His gait has recently been increasingly unstable and he has difficulty with simple tasks, such as getting up his house stairs and getting up from chairs. In the last 4 weeks, he has noticed that he has been having difficulty passing urine and some abdominal discomfort. His GP referred him to a urologist and a prostate biopsy was taken. This showed BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia) and it was recommended that he undergo a Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP). While conducting Johns pre-admission assessment it is noted that John is slightly hypertensive and is fidgeting and moving around the waiting room. After some education John states that he is pleased to have the surgery as he hopes it will relieve some of the discomfort he has been experiencing. John tells the nurse that he currently lives alone. Johns surgery is unevent ful during the intra-operative stage. On arrival to PACU John is placed in a supine position. He is drowsy and restless and oxygenated through a facemask on 02 at 5l/min. A wheeze and non-productive cough is noted. John has an IDC insitu with continuous bladder irrigation with output noted to be a reddish pink. A number of blankets are placed on top of him as he is shivering. His observations are T 36.5c, HR 90, RR 30, BP 150/90 and SpO2 91%. John is transferred to the surgical ward after a 65 minute stay in PACU. John remains drowsy but easily rousable. He is oxygenated via intra-nasal cannulae at 2l/min and he states his pain is 3/10. He has 0.9% sodium chloride infusion running at 125ml/hr. Postoperative orders include IVF, analgesia (PRN Endone, 5mg 6hrly and Paracetamol, 1g 4-6hourly), strict FBC and continuous bladder irrigation for 24 hours, with an aim of rose urine output. Four hours after Johns return to the ward he is observed to be in pain and distressed. He is diaphoret ic and restless and states that his bladder feels full and he feels the urge to urinate. At this time, vital signs are noted to be: T 36.9c, HR 91, RR 28, BP 146/91 SPO2 98%. On review of his documentation it is found that his fluid status has a positive 500ml balance and his urine is of red colour. There are blood clots in his urine. Please refer to the rubric on page 14 on the Unit Outline for full marking criteria 1. In relation to your chosen patient, discuss the pathophysiology of their condition and using evidence based practice explore current treatment options for your patients condition, include any pharmacological and nonpharmacological considerations. 2. Critically discuss four (4) components of the PACU discharge criteria outlined in the Aldrete Scale. Utilize the scale provided on LEO as a resource in your case study. 3. Develop a discharge plan to support your patient on discharge. Include any education you deem relevant, any referrals to allied health professional/s required, and discuss your rationale? Answers: 1: As referred to in the case study, the old man named John Wong has been suffering from hypothyroidism and osteoporosis previously. Now that he is diagnosed with benign prostrate hyperplasia. The disorder of hypothyroidism refers to a condition that is caused due to deficient formation of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is said to administer the secreting of thyroid hormone(Menon, 2014). The disorder of osteoporosis is referred to as a progressive disease of bone whereby the bone density as well as mass declines to a great level resulting in an elevated possibility of fracture. The problem of benign prostate hyperplasia refers to the condition of increasing size of prostate. This involves hyperplasia of epithelial as well as stromal cells that give rise to large discrete nodule development in the transitional portion of prostate. When the nodules grow adequately big, these start affecting the urethra as well as restrict flow of urine f rom bladder (Petkov, Saltirov Petkova, 2011). Both grandular as well as stromal epithelial cells including that of muscular fibers pass through the phase of hyperplasia into benign prostate hyperplasia. Various evidences support the matter that from two various tissues, the one named stromal cell hyperplasia exists; however exact ratio still lacks. This problem disorder is associated strongly with prostate transitional area as well as posterior urethral glands. Symptoms of this disorder at the initial stage arise amidst 30 and 50 years of age within the prostate glands which exist next to the proximal urethra. Here, the growth is said to occur mostly during the transitional zone. Besides the recognized areas, another zone named peripheral zone is also engaged in the condition to a small level. Prostate cancer starts at the peripheral area (Shigemi, Yoshida, Tanaka Suzuki, 2012). For ruling out the chances of cancer, specifically the nodules that are formed within the transitional zone are to be biopsied. It has been stated by the American Urological Association that this disorder of benign prostate hyperplasia is incurable, and so due treatment must be laid upon reducing the indications. Process of treatment relies upon the severity of symptoms. Often a surgeon may recommend any patient for a surgery for instance, transurethral resection of prostate, transurethral needle ablation or transurethral microwave therapy. Normally BPH affects quality of life of a patient. Hence, adequate nursing care is a must besides pharmacological care. A nurse is supposed to convey the advice to the patient to rush to the washroom for urination(Tsukamoto, Masumori, Rahman Crane, 2007). This would make him feel relaxed. He is required to distribute properly his intake of fluid throughout the day. Considerations regarding pharmacology include applying of drugs such as alpha blockers, phytotherapeutics, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and anticholinergics. All these drugs are meant to prevent complication as well as changing disease progression that are related to BPH. Also, it is important to consider non-pharmacological treatment as well where patients need to administer self-treatment as well in order to recover soon. 2: Patients generally recover at the post anesthetic care unit (PACU). However, it requires appropriate airway management as well as exact monitoring to avoid difficulties in the process. The Aldrete scale is referred to as a scale that measures recovery used after anaesthesia. This scale involves estimation of consciousness, blood pressure, respiration, and activity. Within the care unit just after anaesthesia, the anesthesiologist, nurse anesthesia, and nurse anesthetist includes patient condition, performed surgery; forms of given anesthesia, fluid input, blood loss and excretion of urine during the time of surgery (Tsukamoto, Masumori, Rahman Crane, 2007).. The nurse engaged at the PACU unit must note the presence of any sort of complications, including variance in stability in blood circulation. Evaluating airway openness of patients, level of consciousness, important signs are regarded as the basic priorities after admission in the care unit. Besides that, few different other categories include body temperature, surgical site, rate of intravenous fluids, drainage tube patency, extreme sensation post surgery, status of vomiting pain, and level of sensation post local anesthesia (Baniahmad, 2012). Assessing surgical site involves proper dressings with no sign of bleeding. Assessing patency of drainage tube refers to the proper check for tube opening.it may be decided to admit him to the intensive care unit or at the general surgical ward. A patient is normally discharged from the care unit once he or she is perfectly fine and meets every criteria of discharge as indicated in the Aldrete scale (Shigemi, Yoshida, Tanaka Suzuki, 2012). The scale is used for scoring respiratory status of patients, their mobility, consciousness, circulation, and pulse oximetry. Depending upon types f surgery as well as that of conditions of patients, post anesthesia, patient often remains in a sedative state, and so safety of patient is an essential goal. Often patients are shifted from intense care unit to that of general ward or even home after urination, moving out of bed and when the patient is capable of taking oral intakes. In the given case scenario, it has been observed that once arrived to the intense care unit, John has been kept in a supine posture. It is an effective approach for ensuring that he is under proper airway management. Airway management refers to a medical process for ensuring existence of an open passageway amidst outside world as well as patient lungs with lowering risk of aspiration. John has been observed to be quite restless, drowsy, and so he had been oxygenated by a facemask. This oxygenated mask happens to be a process that assists easy passage of air. It would enable John to ignore condition of hypoxaemia or that of low level of oxygen within blood (Cohen, 2010). He has normal body temoperature but still he shivered. That might be due to the surgical pain. So, monitoring his body constantly is quite essential. At the time of pre-admission, it was identified that John suffers from hypertension. His blod pressure is quite high far beyond normal standard. Increased blood pressure may worsen his condition and complications. Already it has been mentioned that he is drowsy post surgery. Hence, grading consciousness is essential through Glasgow Coma Scale. This is a scale used in the neurology that refers to a reliable way to document conscious status of a patient to conduct primary as well as henceforth assessment (Ehab, 2009). A patient is usually evaluated against criteria in the given scale along with the result that varies between 3 and 15. The scale is used to determine level of consciousness post head injury and also for monitoring chronic patients within intensive unit. Thus, in case of John it would be justified to use such a scale. It mainly shows the status of central nervous system of a patient. This scale is also referred to as the key human system which receives various signals, coo rdinates them and also affects activities of various parts of human system. So, it is increasingly important to check the status of central nervous system in case of consciousness as well as activity level (Okeke, George, Ogunbiyi Wachtel, 2012). John has been provided with an indwelling catheter with continuous bladder irrigation. Since his urine has been observed to be pinkish in color, PACU nurse must check if that is due to infection that he has recently undergone. The heart rate of John is 90 and this may exhibit his painful situation post surgery. 3: Process discharge planning forms an important part of health care process of a patient to bring about quality care at home for avoiding readmission to health care center. In case of John, an effective discharge plan is required. The plan is described as below (Kim, Lee, Paick Lho, 2006). The nurse at PACU must make patient understand properly about the details his discharge plan. Since John is an aged man he may forget several things at this age about his health status. So, the health care unit must give efforts to arrange someone who may stay beside him constantly, provide information about his health to medical professionals whom John is admitted under, and also deliver care at his home. It has been stated that John resides alone and so a nurse staying by his side is very essential(Martino Strejilevich, 2015). He must be referred to a physician as well as a dietician since he has recently undergone a surgery and that he needs to maintain his health post surgery. He also has feeble gait due to osteoporosis. Post surgery for improving his movement slight aerobic exercises may be beneficial for John. This can include exercises of legs for some period of time every hour. With effective nursing care, through intervention as well as discharge plan, medical professionals may accomplish their objectives of healthcare and thus may enhance the quality of patient life as well as their wellbeing. Discharge Plan Name: John Wong Age: 80 Sex: Male Religion: Chinese origin Diagnosis: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Surgery: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Hospital: The CB Hospital Ward no. : 5 Physician: Ms. Amelia A. Objectives: pain management, lung congestion prevention and blood clot prevention. B. 1. Medications: analgesics 2 Exercise: light aerobic exercise, walking for 10-15minutes 3. Treatment: prescribed medicines as scheduled 4. Health teachings: Clinical follow-ups () Use of alternative drugs () Understanding what to do in case of drug side effects () Lab report follow-ups () Relapse prevention () Others () 5. a. Observed indications that required reporting: presence of blood clot in urine b. Interventions: 6. Diet: increasing fluid intake, fibrous diet to avoid constipation. 7. Psychological and spiritual needs: Spiritual counseling () Family therapy () Supportive counseling () Anger management () Discharge details Date and time of discharge: 10am. 13th March, 2015. Accompanied by: nurse aide Transportation mode: hospital vehicle Signature of patient: Signature of nurse: Clinical instructor: References Cohen, P. (2010). From benign prostatic hyperplasia to benign chronic prostatopathy.Medical Hypotheses,74(4), 760. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.033 Ehab, R. (2009). Transurethral Electrovaporization of the Prostate as an Alternative to Transurethral Resection: A Five-Year Follow-up.Urotoday International Journal,02(06). doi:10.3834/uij.1944-5784.2009.12.12.ref1 Kim, H., Lee, B., Paick, S., Lho, Y. (2006). Efficacy of Bipolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate: Comparison with Standard Monopolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate.Korean Journal Of Urology,47(4), 377. doi:10.4111/kju.2006.47.4.377 Martino, D., Strejilevich, S. (2015). Subclinical hypothyroidism and neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder.Journal Of Psychiatric Research,61, 166-167. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.016 Menon, B. (2014). Hypothyroidism and bipolar affective disorder: Is there a connection?.Indian J Psychol Med,36(2), 125. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.130966 Petkov, T., Saltirov, I., Petkova, K. (2011). S27 TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE IN SALINE (TURIS) VERSUS STANDARD MONOPOLAR TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE.European Urology Supplements,10(9), 583. doi:10.1016/s1569-9056(11)61468-1 Shigemi, H., Yoshida, Y., Tanaka, K., Suzuki, M. (2012). Hoarseness, Articulation Disorder and Hearing Impairment in Subjects with Hypothyroidism.Pract.Otol. (Kyoto),105(2), 159-165. doi:10.5631/jibirin.105.159 Tsukamoto, T., Masumori, N., Rahman, M., Crane, M. (2007). Change in International Prostate Symptom Score, prostrate-specific antigen and prostate volume in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia followed longitudinally.International Journal Of Urology,14(4), 321-324. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01596.x Baniahmad, A. (2012). Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Meets Liver X Receptor.Endocrinology,153(8), 3558-3560. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1474 Okeke, L., George, A., Ogunbiyi, A., Wachtel, M. (2012). Prevalence of linea nigra in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma.International Journal Of Dermatology,51, 41-43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05564.x

Social Inequality Minorities Essay Example

Social Inequality Minorities Essay Social Inequality and Minorities in the United States In this course I have learned about many different kinds of social problems in societies around the world and in the United States, such as poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization. I chose my final essay to be on Social Inequality and Minorities in the United States. For me this subject raises many points of our daily life and brings us to the point of reality in our world. My paper will discuss why is deviance found in all societies? How does who and what are defined as deviant reflect social inequality? What effect has punishment had in reducing crime in the United States? Let’s start off with what are social inequities and what is minorities? Social inequality refers to a lack of social equality, where individuals in a society do not have equal social status. Areas of potential social inequality include voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health care and other social goods. Inequality is socially created by matching two different kinds of processes. The social roles in society are first matched to ‘reward packages’ of unequal value and individual members of society are then allocated to the positions so defined and rewarded† Social inequality is different from economic inequality but the two inequalities are linked. Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. While economi c inequality is caused by the unequal distribution of wealth, social inequality exists because the lack of wealth in certain areas prohibits these people from obtaining the same housing, health care, etc. s the wealthy in societies where access to these social goods depends on wealth. â€Å"The degree of inequality in a given reward or asset depends, of course, on its dispersion or concentration across the individuals in the population†. (Dictionary. com) I also feel economic inequalities goes well with these examples before I go further†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality Minorities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality Minorities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality Minorities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term typically refers to inequality among individuals and groups within a society, but can also refer to inequality among nations. Economic Inequality generally refers to equality of outcome, and is related to the idea of equality of opportunity. It is a contested issue whether economic inequality is a positive or negative phenomenon, both on utilitarian and moral grounds. Economic inequality has existed in a wide range of societies and historical periods; its nature, cause and importance are open to broad debate. A countrys economic structure or system (for example, capitalism or socialism), ongoing or past wars, and differences in individuals abilities to create wealth are all involved in the creation of economic inequality. The existence of different genders, races and cultures within a society is also thought to contribute to economic inequality. Some psychologists such as Richard Lynn argue that there are innate group differences in ability that are partially responsible for producing race and gender group differences in wealth (see also race and intelligence, sex and intelligence) though this assertion is highly controversial. The idea of the gender gap tries to explain differences in income between genders. Culture and religion are thought to play a role in creating inequality by either encouraging or discouraging wealth-acquiring behavior, and by providing a basis for discrimination. In many countries individuals belonging to certain racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be poor. Proposed causes include cultural differences amongst different races, an educational achievement gap, and racism. Now let’s take a look at minorities’ definition as I thought was the best way to describe as a minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant voting majority of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority — it may include any group that is disadvantaged with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power. To avoid confusion, some writers prefer the terms subordinate group and dominant group rather than minority and majority, respectively. In socioeconomics, the term minority typically refers to a socially subordination ethnic group (understood in terms of language, nationality, religion and/or culture). Other minority groups include people with disabilities, economic minorities (working poor or unemployed), age minorities (who are younger or older than a typical working age) and sexual minorities. The term minority group often occurs alongside a discourse of civil rights and collective rights which gained prominence in the 20th century. Members of minority groups are prone to different treatment in the countries and societies in which they live. This discrimination may be directly based on an individuals perceived membership of a minority group, without consideration of that individuals personal achievement. It may also occur indirectly, due to social structures that are not equally accessible to all. Activists campaigning on a range of issues may use the language of minority rights, including student rights, consumer rights and animal rights. In recent years, some members of social groups traditionally perceived as dominant have attempted to present themselves as an oppressed minority, such as white, middle-class heterosexual males. Every large society contains ethnic minorities. They may be migrant, indigenous or landless nomadic communities. In some places, subordinate ethnic groups may constitute a numerical majority, such as Blacks in South Africa under apartheid. International criminal law can protect the rights of racial or ethnic minorities in a number of ways; the right to self-determination is a key issue. (Dictionary. com) As many of us know social inequalities and minorities are the discrimination of our world. We class and judge all types of minorities; even though we all know we should not we still peruse others falsely and judgmentally. Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice: racial discrimination. Unfortunately this is something that Americans deal with every day. Weather it is at school, at work or even in a public space, racial discrimination has been haunting our nation for hundreds of years now. There are many factors that go into determining the path a persons life may take; the most significant of these is the social class into which he or she is born. Every modern society has a class society. Each of these societies has based its civilization, its culture, its technology, on the oppression of the majority by a minority. Class is vitally important in understanding social inequalities suffered globally by the races which comprise our world, but also it extends more specifically into the different ethnicities which comprise a race. Why is deviance found in all societies? Although we tend to view deviance as the free choice or personal failings of individuals, all behavior—deviance as well as conformity—is shaped by society. Deviance varies according to cultural norms. No thought or action is inherently deviant; it becomes deviant only in relation to particular norms. Around the world, deviance is even more diverse Albania outlaws any public display of religious faith, such as â€Å"crossing† oneself; Cuba and Vietnam can prosecute citizens for meeting with foreigners; Malaysia does not allow tight-fitting jeans for women; police in Iran can arrest a woman simply for wearing makeup. People become deviant as others define them that way. Everyone violates cultural norms at one time or another. For example, have you ever walked around talking to yourself or â€Å"borrowed† a pen from your workplace? Whether such behavior defines us as criminal or mentally ill depends on how others perceive, define, and respond to it. Both norms and the way people define situations involve social power. The law is the means by which powerful people protect their interests. A homeless person who stands on a street corner speaking out against the government risks arrest for disturbing the peace; a mayoral candidate during an election campaign does exactly the same thing and gets police protection. In short, norms and how we apply them reflect social inequality. How does who and what are defined as deviant reflect social inequality? The social-conflict approach links deviance to social inequality. That is, who or what is labeled â€Å"deviant† depends on which categories of people hold power in a society. Social-conflict theory explains this pattern in three ways. First, all norms and especially the laws of any society generally reflect the interests of the rich and powerful. People who threaten the wealthy, either by taking their property or by pushing for a more egalitarian society, are labeled â€Å"common thieves† or â€Å"political radicals. Karl Marx, a major architect of the social-conflict approach, argued that the law (and all social institutions) supports the interests of the rich; or as Richard Quinney puts it, â€Å"Capitalist justice is by the capitalist class, for the capitalist class, and against the working class†. Second, even if their behavior is called into question, the powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels. The majority of the corporate executives involved in recent scandals have yet to be arrested; very few have gone to jail. Third, the widespread belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character. For this reason, although we may condemn the unequal application of the law, most of us give little thought to whether the laws themselves are inherently unfair (Quinney, 1977). What effect has punishment had in reducing crime in the United States? When asked this question the first thing I thought of was the four justification of punishment in our text book. Which is Retribution The oldest justification for punishment? Punishment is society’s revenge for a moral wrong. In principle, punishment should be equal in severity to the deviance itself; deterrence an early modern approach. Deviance is considered social disruption, which society acts to control. People are viewed as rational and self-interested; deterrence works because the pain of punishment outweighs the pleasure of deviance. Rehabilitation a modern strategy linked to the development of social sciences. Deviance is viewed as the result of social problems (such as poverty) or personal problems (such as mental illness). Social conditions are improved; treatment is tailored to the offender’s condition. Societal protection is a modern approach easier to carry out than rehabilitation. If society is unable or unwilling to rehabilitate offenders or reform social conditions, people are protected by the imprisonment or execution of the offender. Currently, 2 million people are imprisoned in the United States. In response to tougher public attitudes and an increasing number of drug-related arrests, the U. S. prison population has tripled since 1980. The size of the inmate population is going up in most other high-income nations as well. Yet the United States imprisons a larger share of its population than any other country in the world. Certainly, punishment deters some crime. Yet our society has a high rate of criminal recidivism, later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. About three-fourths of state prisoners have been jailed before, and about half will be back within a few years after release. So does punishment really deter crime? Only about one-third of all crimes are known to police; of these, only about one in five results in an arrest. The old saying â€Å"crime doesn’t pay† rings hollow when we consider these statistics. As we can certainly see social inequalities are in each of our lives as well as our judicial system and there are still many discriminatory differences in the United States. Knowing what is right and wrong in these circumstances makes us knowledgeable in making a difference in the world. Minorities and social inequalities are a part of who we are as a society. It is what we built around us. We all have our thoughts on what makes discrimination harmful, I truly feel it is up to us to change our social inequalities and minorities