Stylistic Functions of Grammar Categories and the Role of Transposition.

ransposition of lexico-grammatic classes of nouns. rhetorical function of articles, genitive case, plural sum. Stylistic functions of distinguishable grammatical categories in different parts of speech. 1) Stylistic flip-flop of pronouns. 2) Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison. 3) Stylistic functions of verbal categories. 4) Stylistic functions of adverbs.Style is less investigated on the morphological level than on any other one beca affair very(prenominal)(prenominal) service military many scholars hold the opinion that stylistic con nonations appear get out when the use of grammatical phenomenon departs from the normative usage and functions on the outskirts or beyond the outline of Standard linguistic communication. Nevertheless stylistic con nonations forefathert necessarily look upon the violation of the normative speech patterns. They atomic number 18 based on different cases of replenishment. reversion is the usage of different parts of spee ch in unusual grammatical convey which breaks the usual correlation within a grammatical providehold and is utilise to express the loud vocalizers emotions and his attitude to the object of discussion. It is the rift from one grammatical class to another, controversy between the traditional and situational extension on the level of morphology. (I. V. A. ) 1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical class (LGC) of NOUNS Transposition of nouns is based on the usage of nouns in unusual exico-grammatical class (LGC), thus causing a stylistic effect. According to their usual LGC they are subdivided into Personal nouns (agents) (man, woman, children) Living organisms (birds, cats, dogs) incarnate nouns (mankind, peerage) better halfrial nouns (water, stone) rise nouns (clarity, kindness), etc. Transposition from one LGC to another causes communicatory, evaluative, affective and functional connotations. Thus transposition of personal nouns denoting animals to those denoting people ca uses metaphorization and appearance of zoological garden morphemes ass, bear, beast and bitch.Pig, donkey, monkey may energise t comp allowioner but teetotal connotation, while swine, ass, ape acquire rude, negative gloss. Negative connotation is step up by emphatic constructions you impudent pup, you filthy swine. I was not dismissal to use up all the old tabbies bossing her around just because she is not what they ejaculate our class (A. Wilson) Emotive and expressive connotations are achieved in transposition of hook nouns into personal nouns (abstract nouns employ in plural) The embonpoint little eccentricity a chubby eccentric child. Transposition of parts of speech (AN) Listen, my sweet (coll. ), a man of intelligence, a flush of heat (bookish). Stylistic functions of the Genitive case, plural number and the articles The genitive case is considered to be a semi established sign of avatar alongside with the personal pronouns he and she referred to inanimate object s. The genitive case is throttle in its usage to the LGC of nouns denoting living beings my fathers room, Georges sister. When used with nouns of some other class the genitive case gets emotive coloring and an elevated ring Englands troubles.My countrys laws. The trees had eagerness in every turg, stretching their buds upward to the suns warmth the blackbirds were in song (J. Galsworthy) The suffixs may be to a fault added to the show or to the on the whole sentence Shes the boy I used to go withs mother. Hes the niece, I told you abouts husband. A comic effect is achieved overdue to many factors The suffix is added not to a stem but to a noun, followed by a master clause. Logical incompatibility of the following words placed together shes the boy hes the niece abouts husband.The use of plural form number in unusual collocations is also a source of expressiveness angiotensin-converting enzyme Im sorry for you is worth twenty I told you sos. The sentence has a jocular r ing because a plural goal s is added to the whole sentence together with the numeral twenty. Abstract nouns used in plural become countable, concrete and acquire extra expressive connotation making the description more than vivid and striking Oh Wilfred has emotions, hates, pities, wants at least sometimes when he does his stuff is jolly good.Otherwise he just makes a song about nothing like the rest (J. Galsworthy) The peculiar look came into Bossineys face which marked all his enthusiasms. sometimes the forms of singular and plural of abstract nouns have different shades of the stipulation abstract notion and are used for emphasis He had warmheartedness but no nerves. LGC of Material nouns as a rule have no plural but in descriptions of nature and landscapes they may be used in plural for the sake of expressiveness The s right aways of Kilimanjaro, the sands of Africa, the waters of the Ocean.The same(p) effect is achieved when PUs with nouns denoting weight and measure lose their concrete meaning and become synonyms to the pronouns much, many, a lot of, little, few Tons of funs, loads of friends a sea of troubles, a pound of pardons. Stylistic functions of articles The questionable article sooner a proper name creates an additional evaluative connotation due to the clash of nominal and logical meanings (antonomasia) I dont assign to be a Rembrandt. Have a Van Deyk? A light speed ago thither may have been no Leibnitz, but there was a Gauss, a Faraday, and a Darwin (Winner).The indefinite article essayes a very high evaluation of the role of the scientists in the development of the world science. only if very often the indefinite article to begin with the name of indifferent people denotes negative characteristics of the persons under those names I leave never marry a Malone or a Sykes (Sh. Bronte) The definite article before the surname may stress that the person is famous or infamous Yes, the Robinson. Dont you know? The notorious Robin son. (J. Conrade)The repetition of the article intensifies the expressiveness of the enumerated nouns The hold the hope the disappointment the fear the misery the poverty the flight of his hopes and the end to his career the suicide, perhaps, of the shabby, slip-shod drunkard (Ch. Dickens). Stylistic transposition of pronouns The personal pronoun is a formal sign of the 1st person narration. If used too often it denotes the speakers self-estimation, self-satisfaction and egoism And thats where the real businessman comes in where I come in. simply I am cleverer than some.I dont mind dropping a little money to start the process. I took your fathers measure, I saw that he had a serious idea I sawI knewI explained (B. Shaw) When I is substituted for the indefinite one or you in a generalizing function the contact of the speaker and hearer is closer, making the words of the speaker sound modest and silent You reassure, Chris, even in kinda a a small provincial tget you could have a clinic, a little team of doctors, each doing his own stuff (A. Cronin). I am ancient but I dont feel it. Thats one thing about painting, it keeps you young.Titian lived to ic and had to have plague to kill him off. (J. Galswarthy) I may be substituted by nouns a man, a chap, a fellow, a girl. Thus the listener is included in the events and feelings portrayed. Archaic pronouns (Archaisms) thee (you), thou (your), thy (your), thine (yours) thyself (yourself) are used in poetry and create a high-flown gloriole Hail to thee, joyful spirit Bird thou never wert (P. B. Shelly). Pronouns he, she, it may be formal indication of personification when used in reference to natural phenomena as the sun(he) and the earth(she) in T. Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles.When he or she are substituted for it living beings are reduced to the class of things, hence a clownish or an ironical effect and mostly negative evaluation being created. The same function is performed by pronouns what , this, that, anything and nouns beast, brute, creature Is there anything wrong with me, Mister Mate? It asked (J. Conrad). We may denote some group of people with whom the speaker connects himself Because he was a Forsyte we never part with things you know, unless we want something in their place and not always then. (J. Galsworthy) Proverbs We never know the value of water till the nearly is dry.We soon believe what we desire. There exist the so-called Pluralis Majestatis ( , ? ?. ?) We, the king of peachy Britain and Pluralis Modestiae ( ) or the authors we. In fiction Pluralis Modestiae brings associations with scientific prose and produces the design of historic truth (authenticity). We soon believe what we desire (Pluralis Modestiae) The pronoun they denotes that the action is performed by a group of people where the speaker is not included, as if he is separated from them My poor girl, what have they been doing to you Demonstrative pronouns this and that hit the obje cts out of the whole class and emotionally stress them George Oh, dont be innocent, Ruth. This house This room This hideous, God-awful room This and That may express anger and irritation, fun and mockery especially in case of redundancy typical of familiar-colloquial genius They had this headmaster, this very cute girl. By all means let us have a policy of free employment, increased production, no gap between exports and imports, social security, a balanced This and a think That, but let us also have fountains, exquisite fountains, fine-looking fountains(J. B.Priestley) Demonstrative pronouns are especially expressive when used with possessive ones in postposition and accompanied by epithets that lovely ring of yours, that brother of mine, this idea of his, that measly puppy of yours Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison Adjectives possess a single grammatical category of comparison, meant to portray the degrees of intensity with the help of comparative and great degrees contributing to the expressive stylistic function a most important idea, the newest fashion of all, a foolish, foolish wife, my wife is a foolishness herself, Is she as foolish as that? . The usage of the comparative degree with other than soft adjectives makes them foregrounded due to their expressiveness You quarternot be deader than the dead (E. Hemingway). Polysyllabic adjectives form degrees of comparison with more and most, but in case of the synthetic forms er and est the utterance sounds expressive and stylistically relevant Curiouser and curiouser Cried Alice (she was so much surprised that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English (L. Carrol).This device is used in the language of advertising thus breaking the valency of the incompatible elements joined together the orangemostest drink in the world. There are several geomorphologic combinations with adjectives that are very expressive A duck of a boy. A devil of a fellow. Good and strong. Nice and warm. Most happy. Much of a lad. More of a realist very happy most happy the greatest pleasure. Stylistic functions of verbal categories Stylistic potentialities of verbs are not enough investigated. Transposition is one of the main sources of expressiveness. Transposition from the past to the present is stylistically relevant.It brings the events which happened in the past closer to the reader. Description becomes more vivid and lively. This kind of transposition is called Historical ( dramatic) present. Historical present instead of the past And then on the night of the banquet she appears in her emeralds, and throughout the evening Max pays upkeep to no one else. (M. Mitchel) (to make the narrative more vivid and dramatic). looking at back, as I was saying into the back of my infancy, the first objects I contribute remember as paying out by themselves from a awe of things, are my mother and Pegotty, what else do I remember?Let me see There comes out of the cloud, our house not new to me, but quite familiar, in its earliest remembrance. On the ground floor is Pegottys kitchen, inception into a back yard (Ch. Dickens) Transposition of the future to the present to stress its potential possibility But mark my words The first woman, who fishes for him, meat hooks him Transposition of the Imperative mood to the Indicative mood I cant stand it Dont tempt me You are glide path home with me now (Dr. ) (in emotional speech of characters)Transposition of tenses in speech movie in colloquial speech I says, he, she aint You through me a hill turn. Archaic verbal forms are stylistically marked dost, knowest, doth, liveth to create the atmosphere of antiquity in historical novels and in poetry. Transposition from future into present tenses Its a mercy that he did not bring us over a black daughter-in-law, my dear. But mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. (Future action seems potentially performed). obscure Continuous sudd enly their heads cast shadows forward. A car behind them is coming up the hill.Its lights dilate and sway around them (J. Updyke). Past event are draw as if going on before the eyes of the reader who becomes a participant of the events. Indicative Imperative I cant stand it Dont tempt me Youre coming home with me now (Dreiser). (in emotional speech of characters) Transposition of auxiliaries may be not only expressive but also functional stylistic. Thus, in speech exposure of heroes there appear the forms of colloquial speech I, he, and we aint, I says, we has (was, is). You through with(p) me a hill turn. Time as changed.Archaic verbal forms -st, dost, -th, doth (knowest, knoweth, liveth) create the atmosphere of the past centuries and a highly elevated coloring. Modal verbs used in pseudoclauses acquire expressiveness and indignation mixed with nervousness That he should be so careless Not that they should give a warning. grammatical forms (modal verbs) may acquire expre ssiveness when repeated several times And Death shall have no dominion Dead men naked, they shall be one With man in the wind and the west moon When their bones are picked lightheaded and the clean bones gone, They shall have stars at elbow and footthough they go mad they shall be sane, Though they sink through the sea they shall rise over again Though lovers be lost love shall not, And terminal shall have no dominion (D. Thomas). The idea of the union of man and nature is intensified in the constant and insistent repetition of shall indicating in this mount not only modality but promise and solemn prophecy. It makes the poesy very expressive and emotional, pointing out persistent necessity and affirmation. Adverbs are not enough investigated. Their stylistic relevance in the scientific texts is based on their usage as logical connectives.Logical sequence of utterances is achieved with the help of an adverb now in the scientific style. Now there is no normal process except dea th which completely clears the brains from all past impressions and after death it is inconceivable to set it going again. (N. Viner) Now- right away (in colloquial speech) She also senses this terrific empathy from him right away. N+wise=ADV budgetwise, trade unionwise I am better off living in Connecticut, but transportationwise and entertainmentwise I am a loser. In fiction verbs are used to create the blase plane of narration.In E. Hemingways novel For Whom the Bell Tolls the adverb now serves a metronome of dramatic actions before and after the explosion of the bridge. Now, ever, never, forever are the key-words in E. Hemingways prose presenting the shift of the past, present and future. Temporal plane of narration is created with the help of intensifiers now, never, forever, again Just as the earth can never die, neither will those who have ever been free, return to slavery. There is forever for them to remember them in. (E. Hemingway) The stylistic function of intensifi cation.