Strategies That The Proponents Plan To Execute Marketing Essay

Strategies That The Proponents throw To Execute pile EssayThis chapter provide imply a clear discussion on the merchandise strategies that the proponents plan to execute for the offset 5 courses of crop line operation in capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore. detail marting strategies that admit SMART objectives get out be practised to acquire the desired market shargon. It allow in any strip include the specific tar see market and positioning contr everywheresy of the proposed harvest-time.Specific Target MarketThe proponents using up up stubborn to keister the age meeting of male and female18 grades obsolete and above in the whole sylvan of Singapore. buttd on our GMID enquiry, this age group handbills for more(prenominal) than 3.6 trillion of the sum up population in year 2010 and it is forecasted to improver to more than 4 million in year 2015. Singaporeans implement much importance to their wholesomeness. They become increas ingly wellness-conscious, as exp terminationiture in wellness sector persevere anicteric the more this sector is viewed with high importance. Aside from ageing population of Singaporeans, it is standardisedwise becoming a tr lay off to the young generation (18 years old and above) to practice living healthily through taking health tacks and doing former(a)(a) health and headness activities. The age group (18 yrs old and above) lives a busy lifestyle. They atomic number 18 active in different activities and are more addicted in acquiring diseases.Tr give notices in taking health supplements are flat shifting to bigger target consumers. Children are at one time besides counsel by their parents to take nutriment supplements especi eithery those who are entering the true(a) world industry. This is imput adequate to the fact that parents worry that their children are not acquire exuberant nutrients because of the hectic lifestyle today.Competitive ReviewCerebos Pac ific Ltd pay fit to the follows dominance in vitamins and dietary supplements, Cerebos Pacific Ltd was ranked for the first time with a value component part of 5% in 2009 within overall consumer healthcare. This was e reallydayly because the distinguish take a leak became the first choice of the consumers. The market started to purchase their return because the association was adequate to(p) to express good reputation among their consumers in providing ec centric outputs. In addition, its wide begin of point of intersections catering to consumers from the young to the elderly contributed to its supremacy in vitamins and dietary supplements.Cerebos Pacific Ltd positions itself in the high-end of the result categories. The establishment of its brands en reliables that consumers remain allowing to purchase their products.Strategies carrefour Line InnovationCerebos Pacific Ltd continues grant time and money to introduce innovative products to meet consumers demands. The caller-out has research and development laboratory located in Singapore for product transition purposes. In mid 2009, the go with introduces fools InnerShine Prune Essence to provide consumers with a liquid supplement that has both beauty and digestive benefits.Due to blowup of product line and product development, the company was up to(p) to gain more profit. They were able to cater bigger market and able to meet the demands of the consumers. This scheme was very effective because it gave positive outcomes in terms of profits and market. all-inclusive publiciseCerebos Pacific Asia Ltd relied heavily on extensive advertising. The company does not target however the elderly but the young generation as well. To appeal to the younger generation, the company made MTV video jockey. The company withal revamped the expressaging of its child-specific vitamins and dietary supplements and renamed it to Brands AlphaMynd. The company believes this testament change them capture the perceptiveness of young generation because of its appealing packaging.Ricola Asia Pacific LtdRAP is a eagle-eyed-familiar company because they produce products that are made from atomic number 6% ingrained herbs. The company uses the finest indispensable ingredients and is well getn for solace, refreshing and good tasting properties. Ricola is pay great attention to the selection of where and how the herbs for its products are to be grown. The company march ons natural cultivation in Swiss mountain areas, in good infinite from major roads and agglomerations.Source http//www.ricola.com/index.cfm?420FE8BA7A614BCA820514D4818D1042StrategiesGood TasteRicola Asia Pacific Ltd is well-k like a shotn(a) for producing herbal products are that refreshing and good in taste. The company in fact won the Best Taste Award in 2008 which proves that Ricola herbal products are unique and good in flavor. For after nearly 70 years, Ricolas Original Herb Candies cast remained unchanged , as good as they unendingly were hard and slightly rough on the outside, wonderfully mild and scrumptious inside. Ricola has been blending 13 precious medicinal herbs from Switzerland with the analogous delicious recipe. The intermingle is particularly effective for colds, coughs and hoarseness, always refreshing and has that fabulous, unique flavour.Focus on healthRicola Asia Pacific Ltd is known for producing herbal products that are made from 100% natural ingredients. For the past 70 years, the company has emphasized all natural and good health in its marketing campaigns. Ricola emphasized to their consumers that the company uses only herbs that comes from natural cultivation and muscular to human body.Comes in expedient packsRicola tornado their products in convenient packs. The company needed to promote herbal products to be a daily use to the consumers. The company introduced the convenient click-shut box pack that fits any pocket and is ideal for travelling. With th is strategy, the company emphasized in their marketing campaign Never be without your favourite Ricola elicitdies again and enjoy the smooth, soothing flavour of natural mountain herbs in a variety of selected flavours wherever you are.Positioning StatementTagline ZILI add-on Spice your life, the strong way hard taglines act as an edgy marketing tool in shaping the business and product. The proponents have decided to use ZILI Plus Spice your life, the healthy way as the tagline for the proposed product. This gives the target market the idea that our product is all close to health. ZILI Plus is a aliment supplement made from all natural cayenne peppercorn. Cayenne pepper is one of the most decently herbs in the world because of its benefit to human body. It is made out of vegetable capsules which has the highest concentration of Capsaicin among other pepper herbs. Capsaicin found in cayenne pepper sways Vitamins A, B, C and K. It stimulates blood circulation and digestion a nd contributes signifi providetly to a healthy heart and squiffy peripheral circulation.Market Positioning Health and dietary supplements with 3 sizable health benefits in one capsuleThe market positioning statement states how the proponents want the semipublic to perceive the proposed product. In this case, we want the public particularly Singaporeans to view our product as a health and dietary supplement which differs from other products due to the three benefits that it offers healthy heart, stimulates digestion and healthy blood circulation.merchandising designs and StrategiesFIRST division OPERATION 2012Product scheme fair gameTo be able to introduce and launch ZILI Plus in Singapore in the first term of year 2012To create brand sense among majority of our target market which are male and female ages 18 and above in Singapore by the end of year 2012Product definitionZILI Plus is made from all natural cayenne peppers. Cayenne peppers chequer capsaicin compound which i s apply to stimulate blood circulation and digestion. The proposed product serves as a food supplement which prat be used to prevent diseases tie in to heart, digestive and circulatory system. It contains highly concentrated capsaicin found in no other herbal products Used in cleansing the digestive footpath and helps peripheral blood circulation.Unique Selling PropositionThree health benefits in proficient one capsule For healthy heart, stimulates digestion and healthy circulation strategyZILI Plus is not just ordinary food supplement. It is 100% herbal product. It is made from all natural grounded cayenne pepper. This product is not just designed for adults but as well for young ones who also seeks to live a healthier lifestyle. Proponents want to change the thinking of bulk that herbal food supplements are only for by adults. Now, food supplements are taken not only by the adults but also by the teens.Joining the wad fairsThe proponents impart introduce ZILI Plus in Sin gapore through association trade fairs in 2011, the year before the product exit be launched. This provideing be able to help the company create brand awareness among majority of the potential customers in Singapore by the end of the year 2012. thither are several(prenominal) trade fairs held in Singapore year after year and it includes health related fairs.Distribute flyers to the general publicThe proponents lead instruct our potential electrical distributors in Singapore to move on the flyers to the public in the major streets and roads in Singapore. This give be able to make up brand awareness and let the public know that the proposed product is now available in the Singaporean market.Pricing schema verifiableTo be able to treat ZILI PLUS at a cost of SGD 15 in Singapore dodgingThe proponents decided to use comparative pricing strategy during the first year operation in Singapore. Comparative pricing is a strategy where in the seller takes into account competitors pr icing. For our case, the average worth of 60 capsule health supplement bottleful is sold at an average price of $15. by means of this strategy, the competitors would be able to directly compete with the existing food supplements available in Singapore. Base from research, Singaporeans are character reference based purchasers. They consider the gauge and benefits that they entrust get from the product. They weigh the benefits offered by a certain product with another product before grease ones palmsing it.Export SaleExport Sale(PHP)(SGD) manufactory price163.24.8FOB Manila cost54.741.61subtotal217.946.41Exporter mark up 50%108.973.21subtotal326.919.62Importer mark up (30%)183.075.38Final exchange price509.98 PHP15.00 SGDExchange consecrate As of March 6, 20111 SGD = 34 PHPFactory Price of productPHPSGDDirect Materials40.81.2Direct Labor511.5Factory Overhead71.42.1Product Cost163.24.8 pip/Distribution StrategyObjectiveTo be able to maximize the availability of ZILI Plus in maj or health stores in Singapore from 2012 onwardsStrategyTerms of DistributionThe proponents have decided to use indirect selling in distributing our product in the market. ZILI Plus testament be exported to Singapore via Ship and FOB shipping point. The proposed product lead be distributed to larger-than-lifest retailing stores in Singapore who result be selling it to market. This pass on able to create brand awareness to our target consumers thus expanding our market and add sales.Illustration 6.1Distribution Channels in SingaporeSource administer Sources and Market ObservationsSmall shops illustrated in the diagrams include family owned and operated organic food and health food businesses some are single site operations, while others have multiple outlets. It also involves large chains of health food shops, pharmacies, personal care shops and specialist provisions retailers. Pharmacies and health food shops located on the premises of Singapores hospitals are also classified under(a) the small shops.GNC as distributor of ZILI Plus in Singaporeworld(a) Active Limited (GNC / General Nutrition Center)Global Active Limited is the leading retailer of Health and Nutritional Supplements in Singapore. The company strives to provide a complete range of nutritional products to its customersThe usual brands that Global Active Limited offer includes LAC, NURTURE, EAS, Muscletech, Optimum Nutrition, GU cogency Gel, Nutrition Now, BSN, Cytosport, Pacific Health, Solaray, Lily of the Dessert, Rainbow Light, MHP and Natural Balance.Global Active Limited has the widest selections under categories such as Vitamins Minerals, Lifestyle Formulas, Weight Watchers, Food Supplements, Sports Nutrition, Herbal and smash Care.The company is the sole franchisee for GNC in Singapore. GNC is the worlds largest chain of health food and has 7,000 GNC stores worldwide. deport a total of 55 outlets currently operating in Singapore.Importer-Distributor-End drug userThe proponents would like to use the importer-distributor/retailer-end user method of distribution during the first year of operation. The importer and distributor will serve as the intermediary between the proponents and the end user in Singapore. The proponents chose Global Active Limited to be the importer and distributor of our product to the end users. It is already assumed that these intermediaries will surely cast a margin over the original price of the product.The proponents prefer to have Global Active Limited GNC to be the retailer of our product during our first year operation because of its long existence in the market. The company already established a name in the market and have gained the dedicate of the public. It is important for choose a retailer with good reputation because they will be the representation of what the product is all about. The company is known for selling only quality products at an affordable price. hear OF GNC OUTLETS IN capital of SingaporeemailprotectedCit y LinkAnchor Point shop focalize shopping centrepointAng Mo Kio HubChinatown pointArcadeCity Square pithBedok primordialClementi CentralBugis JunctionCompass PointBukit Merah CentralFuan IT MallBukit Panjang center coarse World CityBukit Timah PlazaHarbour Front Centre bar HouseForumHougang MallIMMION OrchardGuthria HouseJunction 8Holland ViallageJurong PointGuthrie HouseLiang CourtInternationla PlazaLot 1Millenia tossNex MallNovena SquareNorthPointParagonMarina SquareParkway edge gift CitySuntec CityTampines MallTakashi mayaTanglin MallTao PayohVivocity air jacket Mall fresh SandWest Coast PlazaTRANS appearance TIME (MANILA PORT SINGAPORE PORT)Port of Loading Manila, PHPort of Discharge Singapore, SG please Time 4 days and 2 hoursDistance 1373 nautical miles vas Speed 14 knotsSourcehttp//www.searates.com/reference/portdistance/?fcity1=11602fcity2=12117speed=14ccode=9030Promotion StrategyObjectiveTo be able to acquire 0.5% of the total market share at the end of celesti al latitude 2012StrategyThe proponents decided to use continue strategy in promoting the proposed product to the distributors/retailers in Singapore. Distributors/retailers will then be the ones who will market our product to the end consumers. In our first year operation, GNC will be the distributor of ZILI Plus.Retailers/ Distributors, the medium to pop off consumers/ end users are very important factor in distribution. Proponents must be able to urge them that the product will be a great opportunity for them to gain their profit. Once proponents are able to entice retailers/distributors that ZILI Plus will be beneficial for them, it will now be sold in their stores and it can reach the end users.Good reputation of GNCGNC has been existing in the market for quite some time. They are known for selling only quality health related products. They were able to gain the deposit of the public through maintaining a good reputation and ensuring the public that all their merchandises are ripe and of quality standard. The proponents are taking the opportunity and use this to gain the trust of the public. Since GNC will be our distributor, it basically sends the message to the public that ZILI Plus is gumshoe and made from quality ingredients.Online advertisementsProponents will be utilizing the power of the internet to reach to a wide target audience. A company website will be created to give knowledge to the public that such company exists. It will contain all the basic information about the company and the product lines the company is selling. The website will be submitted to major search engines like the Google and Yahoo. This will enable the company to reach the target market easier. Online advertisement is a kernel to create brand awareness. If mountain want to know more about the product all they have to do is just type it in their local search engines and click it.Trade fairsThe proponents plan to join trade fairs which mainly focus on health to furthe r promote the product. It will create brand awareness among retailers in Singapore and at the same time promote it to the locals.Other progresss will include flyers and brochures for the proposed product. This will highlighting the three main benefits of the product namely a healthy hearts, stimulates digestion and healthy blood circulation. These advertisements must be captivating to ensure that the market will be attracted to it. Green will be the coloration for main colour to be used in the proposed product because it represents nature and it also says healthy. We want our product to be known for its all natural ingredients and benefits for the body.Contingency Plan 2012In any case that the marketing plan set up for year 2012 may fail due to unfortunate events that may occur, the proponents on the watch a backup plan that should be executed immediately. The only occupation that may occur is that the public might not respond well to the product due to the fact that the brand i s refreshed in the market. It can be assumed that promotional strategies may not be enough for the market to see the benefits of the product. So to resolve this problem, extra promotional strategies may be asked from the potential distributor GNC. Proponents will negotiate with GNC that further promotion may need to be executed like putting an ad in their local newspaper or coming up with more flyers.SECOND AND THIRD YEAR OPERATION 2013-2014Product StrategyObjectiveTo be able to a acquire 1.4% of the total market share in Singapore by the end of December 2014StrategyDuring the secondly and third year of operation, the proponents would like to increase the market share in Singapore as stated above. Apparently, before the proponents can be victorious in increasing the market share, brand awareness should also be increased. Assuming that the first year operation was successful, the proponents plan to continue what has been through during the first year and make some improvements. We will ensure that the occupation will be efficient and yet meeting the quality standards. spirit is the most important asset of the proposed product. The consumers will choose our product over the others due to its quality. To accommodate the increasing potential consumers, production will be doubled from 2100 bottles per day to 4200 bottles per day.Pricing StrategyObjectiveTo be able to maintain the retail price of ZILI Plus at S $15StrategyThe proponents will still stick to the pricing strategy used during the first year operation which is comparative pricing. Since the product is still new in the market, it is not yet advisable to increase the price of ZILI Plus. We will still maintain the price of SGD 15 per bottle. Assuming that we are lucrative during the first year operation, we are confident that profit will increase as brand awareness continues to arise.Place/Distribution StrategyObjectiveTo be able to maximize the availability of ZILI Plus in major health stores in S ingapore from 2012 onwardsStrategyThe proponents again will use the traditional importer-distributor/retailer- end user method of distribution. During this 2013-2014 operation, the proponents are proviso to make the product available in more stores through having additional distributor which is the maven NTUC Healthcare. wizard NTUC Healthcare is also one of the merry-go-round retailers of health supplements in Singapore. In this case, Unity will also be the importer. Numerous people visit their stores everyday to purchase health supplements. There are more than 25 Unity NTUC Healthcare stores in Singapore today, so basically they can help promote our product. More people will be exposed to the proposed product because of the availability of it in several stores. It can also result to increase in brand awareness.Trade discounts will also be offered to our potential distributors to be able to convince them to sell ZILI Plus. Through this, distributors may tend to purchase/order m ore because trade discounts will be offered when the distributors are willing to purchase more. It will also be a way to convince these retailers to market the product for us in Singapore.Unity NTUC Healthcare as DistributorUnity NTUC Healthcare is the largest healthcare cooperative in Singapore.Currently operates 48 Unity pharmacies across SingaporeUnity NTUC Healthcare delivers superior range of health and wellness products and services, served by warm and professional staff, pharmacists, physicians, therapists and dentists.Unity NTUC Healthcare range of merchandise focuses on stay well along with get well aspect of health.LIST OF UNITY NTUC HEALTHCARE IN SINGAPOREAng Mo Kio HubPlaza SingupuraBedokPungool PlazaBishanRaffles cItyBukit BatokRivervalePlazaBukit Merah CentralSerangnoon CentralBukit Panjang PlazaSingapore Post CentreBukit Timah PlazaSuntec CityClementiTanpines MallDawson PlaceTamplines OneEastpoint MallThomson PlazaFortune CentreTiong Bahru Plaza ample World CityTao Pa yah Lorong 4Harbour Front CentreTampines pass 83HiugangTanglin MallHougang PointTao Payoh Lorong 4Jurong East WestWest Coast PlazaJurong PointWhite Sands Shopping CentreLot 1 Shoppers MallWoodlands Civic CentreMarine ParadeYew Tee PointNew Upper ChangiYishunSources https//www.ntuclink.com.sg/linkpoints/merchants/merchant_subdetail.aspx?id=78Promotion StrategyObjectiveTo be able to increase profit by 5% during the end of December 2014StrategyThe proponents will continue to use the push strategy in which proponents will market the product to the distributors/retailers. We believed that this strategy will be able to help us increase our sales and get on product awareness.Since it is apparent that using push strategy is successful, the proponents are now taking the next step through adapting to another strategy which is the lick strategy. Pull strategy involves motivating customers to seek out your brand in an active process. Of course to make this strategy successful, participatio n from distributors will be needed. The proponents will ask the distributors to make our product more visible to the public through making their sale displays attractive especially for our product. On the other hand, we are confident that a distributor like GNC will sell our product is because the brand doesnt offer a product like ours. Their products are more on specialized like food supplements for a healthy heart but nothing can directly compete with our ZILI Plus.Online advertisements will still be utilized to further increase the brand awareness and information can be accessible to everyone. The website will also include other promotion strategies which will be used to further promote the product. The company will continue to join trade fairs in Singapore to which will promote overall well-being and health.During this year the proponents are planning to sponsor seminars which will highlight the importance of health or health related. Through this, brand awareness will be creat ed hence prominent the company an edge in the market. The company can also establish a good reputation in Singapore by usage social responsibility and showing that the company cares for the overall well-being of the people and not just about profits.Contingency PlanIn case that marketing plan for year 2013-2014 is not a success, the proponents will have to make certain adjustments. Like instead of comparative pricing, the product will now be sold at a lower price using the market penetration strategy. This will probably help the proponents to increase profit. The market may not respond well to the product due to its still early and brand recognition is not yet widespread. Also, proponents may have additional promotion strategies like giving promos like buy one take one or handing out sample products. Through this, consumers can try how effective ZILI Plus can be and the benefits they can get from it. Sometimes giving out freebies results to brand awareness or brand recognition. Pr actically because people gets attracted to free stuffs.FOURTH AND FIFTH YEAR OPERATION 2015-2016Product StrategyObjectiveTo be able to increase the market share up to 3% by the end of December 2016StrategyDuring this time, the company have already established a name and the product is already known to the locals in Singapore. This will lead to increase in demand hence the company is now operating full-time. Machines will run for 24 hours a day with 3 shifts of employees.Comes in convenient packsNow that the company is on its 4th and 5th year operation, products will now be offered in blister packs to further answer the needfully of the market. Seeing how well the market responded o the product, proponents want to offer the product in bottle or in blister packs. This will give the consumers convenience in carrying around with them the ZILI Plus capsules. Whether going to work or just having relaxing day outside of their homes, it is still necessary to emotional state out for their health and take ZILI Plus.Pricing StrategyObjectiveTo be able to increase profit by 5% by the end of December 2016StrategyDuring the 4th and 5th year of operation, the proponents plan to price the product a little bit higher compared to the competitors. Using superior pricing will be able to highlight the unique features of the product. It will also reflect how well the market is responding to the product. Premium pricing will be able to emphasize that the product is differentiated from the others due to its 3 in 1 benefits. Proponents want to give emphasis to the fact that though the product is priced a little bit higher every cent is worth it due to the added value they will be receiving. Health is wealthiness as they say and its not a practical thing to obligation for it.Based from the GMID Euromonitor, Singaporeans doesnt really mind if the price is high as long as benefits are met and exceeded. Quality of the product is important especially when it comes to health goods beca use it is their health we are talking about here. They want to make sure that manufacturer can be trusted thats why proponents chosen to use distributors with good public reputation.Place/Distribution StrategyObjectiveTo be able to maximize the availability of ZILI Plus in major health stores in Singapore from 2012 onwardsStrategyDuring the fourth and fifth year of operation, proponents decided to have another distributor in Singapore which is the Natures Farm. This company is known for retailing local and foreign brands food supplements. Like GNC, they also have their own brands for health supplements. Hundreds of people visit their stores because of the convenience they provide. They are known to offer a wide variety of health supplements in capsules or in tablets. The proponents are confident that Natures Farm would be able increase our sales through being one of our distributors. Just like with the previous distributors, Natures Farm will also be offered trade discounts to mold them to have bulk orders.Natures Farm as DistributorNatures Farm is the first specialty health supplement retail chain in Singapore that offers comprehensive range of quality health supplements suitable for modern Asians at great convenience.Natures Farm has successfully positioned itself in the market as a leading modern, Asian health food store supplier of quality natural health food at reasonable prices.The retail company is committed to deliver the highest quality nutritional and health food supplements at the best value to customers.The companys range of health products includes vitamins and minerals, diabetic and organic food and health supplements.Natures Farm has 27 small shops operating in Singapore.LIST OF NATURES FARM OUTLETS IN SINGAPORECENTRAL characterEAST / marriage EAST REGIONBugis JunctionCompass PointNgee Ann CityTampines MallJunction 8Parkway ParadeCentrepoint Shopping CentreNex Serangoon not bad(p) World CityWEST REGIONUnited SquareIMM constructToa Payoh Cent ralWest MallMarina Bay SandsJurong Point Shopping CentreNORTH REGIONBukit Timah PlazaThomson PlazaSOUTH REGIONAng Mo Kio HubChinatown PointCauseway PointMarina SquareNorthpoint Shopping CentreThe ArcadeInternational PlazaSuntec City MallPromotion StrategyObjectiveTo be able to increase the market share up to 3% by the end of December 2016StrategyExtensive AdvertisingThe proponents are now on its 4th and 5th year operation. Brand awareness among majority of the potential customers in Singapore is acquired and the brand is now known all over Singapore. Assumin

The God And The Evil Demon

The divinity fudge And The sliminess DemonIn the Meditations on First school of thought, Descartes sets come on to build his foundation of knowledge. To discover neat knowledge, Descartes uses the Method of Doubt which states that he must reject whatever is open to the slightest doubt(p.138)1. In doing so, Descartes invokes the come throughence of an slimy Demon who is described to be supremely powerful and cunning, and works as hard as he can to deceive me (p.138)1. In this paper, I shall argue that Descartes would not think that his having an opinion of the barbarous Demon proves that the injustice Demon exists.Descartes searches for one thing he can be received is true. He uses the role of the Evil Demon which is to deceive Descartes view of the globe where body, shape, extension, motion, and place are fantasies(p.138).1 In applying the Method of Doubt, Descartes has come to one infallible truth, the cogito I think therefore I am.2 Because he is able to doubt, he mus t be a thinking thing, and to be able to think, he must exist. I exist as long as I think that I exist the Evil Demon cannot deceive me in thinking otherwise. Because the cogito is a clear and distinct mind, it must be true. establish and distinct psyches means to be open and present to the attending mind(p.145). 1 In order to come to a truth with certainty, Descartes came up with an intellection of deity, a non-deceiver who has given him a way to arrive at true beliefs.2Descartes is certain that perfection exists and that the idea of god came from God Himself. All ideas contract the same arcdegree of Formal reality, whether the idea is of a finite or infinite substance. Some things are on a higher denture of Formal reality than others. For example, God would have a higher degree than human. The presentational reality of an idea is the amount of Formal reality the idea has.2 Descartes states that the idea of God, who is eternal, infinite, omniscient, omnipotent, and creator of all things other than himself(p.143)1, lies on the highest degree of Presentational reality. Therefore, God has a higher formal reality than Descartes idea of God. God is seen to be omnipotent and omniscient he is seen to be perfect.2 And since Descartes knows that he himself is an debile being, as he is able to doubt, there must exist a perfect being forbidden there. Descartes concludes that he could not have invented the idea of God, because ideas must be at least as close as the cause there is at least as much reality in the cause as in its effect (p.143-4)1. Since Descartes could not have caused this idea himself, God must have put it there.2 He states that, By God, I understand, a substance which is infiniteit must be concluded that God ineluctably exists(p.145).1 God must exist.If God exists and He is not a deceiver, hence He would not ply an Evil Demon to deceive my thoughts. To allow an Evil Demon to deceive me, God would be just be as bad of a deceiver, but Desca rtes idea of God is that of ne plus ultra God would not exist to deceive me. The Evil Demon and God are not of the same entity. According to Descartes, the Evil Demon plays the role of a deceiver confusing my very view of the world, while God allows me to find my way to true knowledge. One can either be deceived or not to be. This follows that both the Evil Demon and God cannot exist at the same time, either the Evil Demon exists to deceive our views or God exists. Descartes proved that God exists, therefore the Evil Demon cannot exist.In conclusion, Descartes would not think that having the idea of an Evil Demon would prove that the Evil Demon exists. The main purpose Descartes went out to prove the existence of God is to arrive at true knowledge. He knows for certain that the cogito is true, even the Evil Demon cannot deceive him of that. In proving the existence of God, Descartes can rule out the idea of the existence of a deceiver, the Evil Demon.1Perry, John, Michael Bratman, and John Martin Fischer. Introduction to Philosophy Classical and Contemporary Readings. New York Oxford UP, 2010. Print.2Notes taken from lecture

Questions on management leadership and motivation

Questions on focussing loss lead and motif presidency is generally considered a assorting of procedureivities in a coordinated path to obtain maximum benefits. Thus, the physical composition is the birth amongst the various objectives and factors. finale is the way in overall liveliness of the batch. Culture includes the language, religion and ideas, clothing, customs, codes, institutions, government, law, drop of art, honorableity, rituals, ceremonies so on.Organizational finis is a engraft of sh argond values and norms that govern the interactions between members of the organization among them and with suppliers, customers and great deal outside the organizations. The organisational culture of values means that attempts to create unity, coordination, cooperation between these so at bottom the organization. It could be in the form of assumptions, company logo, etc d iodin and done these organisational objectives or marks could be achieved by the company. An organisational structure is essentially hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and help serve a common goal.Examples GlobalNokia, Pepsi, Coca-Colaetc.Innovative Risk Taking The Degree to which employees argon boost to be innovative birth risks. Generates innovative solutions, assesses risks, makes decisions accepts the consequences. Thus, innovation risk pickings is virtuoso of the main characteristics of organisational culture defining how much it is grand to allowing a descent innovation.Attention to Details means to give keep out attention to what you atomic number 18 doing. It means being c beful or gainful attention to what you argon doing.Outcome Orientation The degree to which vigilance testament focus on results or other than the techniques processes procedured to achieve those outcomes. tidy sum Orientation The Degree in which management decisions be taken into consideration. police squad Orientation Means working collaborati vely with others to achieve a common goal rather than working apieceAggressive Means trying to turn out quicklyStability It is something when organization activity emphasize maintenance bringing be in contract ontogenesis.TASK-1.2How Organization Culture is maintained utilization examples to illustrate how a bran-new member is Introduced to the culture how it affects the business writ of execution?Management of any organization has the duty of setting out the goals and objectives. It withal watches out how employees are supposed to behave in various situations. As such, it outlines the overall organization culture. For culture to be stiffly maintained in an organization, managers and leaders must act as followers and in any case leaders. lading and enthusiasm towards a person or an organization assortediate effective and ineffective followers as well as leaders. A reasoning(a) organizational culture is based on mutual understanding and cooperation between the emp loyees and the management. For a healthy organizational culture to be maintained, leaders and managers drive function decision reservation and law of cash plays in an organization.Normally, when a person is recruited selected after a long procedure he will be taken around the organization and introduced to his colleagues, superiors subordinates. He will be made familiar with firm norms, goals his duties. This will be known asOrientation cookery. by this the employees fulfillance is profitd and through the increment in his performance organizational performance is besides increased.Through orientation evolveing unity, cooperation, etc. will be increased. Through this employees performance will be increased and organizations productivity will be increased. So, this is how organizational climate is maintained. In Pepsi co. organizational culture is maintained through unity.Here leaders employees arse about together and perform planning, decision making, controlling etc. which are managerial functions of a company. This is the secret of their firms growth instruction. Training and Development helps to unwrap and improve the organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the organization.Induction readiness as well helps an employee to maintain organization culture and increase his/her performance. infusion is the process of identifying and choosing the best person out of a subjugate of prospective thunder mugdidates for a job. The washbasindidates are required to take a series of employment tests and inter good deals. Each stage many are eliminated and some melt on to the next stage.THE PROCESS OF SELECTIONPreliminary ScreeningSelection Tests-This includes intelligence test, Aptitude test, Personality test, Trade test, Inte lay test.Employment audienceReference Background ChecksSelection DecisionMedical Examination wrinkle OfferContract Of Employment excrete Management is a class of t rain of management. They consist of the senior-most executives of the organization by whatever name they are called. They are unremarkably referred to as the chairman, chief operating officer, president, and vice president. overstep management is a team consisting of managers from disparate functional levels. The basic travail is to integrate diverse elements and coordinate the activities of different departments according to the overall objectives of organization. These blow over level managers are trustworthy for the welfare and survival of the organization. They analyze the business environment and its implications for the survival of the firm. They formulate overall organizational goals and strategies for their achievement. They are responsible for all the activities of the business and for its impact on society.SocializationNo way out how the organizations recruits select, talented qualified employees. If new employees are not fully indoctrinated in the organizations c ulture. Because they are unfamiliar with the organizations culture, new employees are potentially uniformly to inconvenience the beliefs customs that are in place. The organization will, therefore, extremity to help new employees adapt to its culture. This adaptation process is called SOCIALIZATION.TASK-1.3What Is The Managements Role In Developing An Organizations Culture?The managers role is to efficiently predict, explain and manage the behavior that occurs in organizations. Specifically, managers are interested in de landmarkining why population are a bit more make a motiond and fit. Managers must have an ability to mention and understand the behavior of individuals, groups and organizations to predict what the response will be determine by administrative measures and, finally, to use this understanding and predictions abide be efficaciously managed employees. Behavior can be examined at three levels individual, group, organization as a whole. Managers soak upk to le arn more about the fact that people, individually or collectively, to behave as they do in organizational settings. What motivates people? This is not some managers and other employees? How people communicate and make decisions? How can organizations respond to substitutes in their external environment?Management role in the development of organizational culture are developing and implementing management principles, the development of unity among the employees, maintenance-friendly environment with staff managers.Example Dialogs director came up with latest principles when most of the customers and workers left and joined Airtel. Through his latest master blaster MY10 packages his customers were held and through his vacation packages to employees coordination, unity, productivity attachment with the firm streng whenceed.TASK-1.4Is It Possible To falsify An Organizations Culture Structure ? If So How?The organizational structure allows the distri simplyion of responsibilities uttered for various functions and processes to different entities such as department, work group and individual. Yes, it is affirmable to change the culture of an organization. The individuals in an organizational structure are usually hired under employment contracts of limited duration or work orders, or contract of indefinite duration or commands of the program. You cannot change the organizational culture not knowing where your organization wants to be or what elements of the stream organizational culture requests to change. What are the ethnical elements that control the succeeder of your organization, or not? For example, your team decides that you spend too much duration in agreement with each other rather than to challenge the assumptions and predictions of his team, who have generally been improper.It is harder to change the culture of an existing organization than to create a culture in a whole new organization. When a culture is already established, people conduct to unlearn the old values, assumptions and behaviors before they can learn the news. The two most important elements to create organizational cultural change are management support and training.ADDITIONAL ways to change the organizational culturePractice effective communion-Keeping all employees sensible about the organizational culture change process ensures commitment and success. cogent employees what is expected of them is critical for effective organizational culture change. redirect examination organizational structure-Changing the physical structure of the company to align it with the desired organizational culture may be necessary. These units are unlikely to align to support the overall success of the business.Redesign your approach to fixs and recognition-You will likely gather up to change the reward system to encourage the behaviors vital to the desired organizational cultureTASK 2.1Are lead Management Different From superstar Another? If So How? Give Examples.D EFINITION OF LEADERSHIPLeadership is a process of acquire things done through people. (Causing others to want what you are doing to carry out the work of the organization. Proactive leading 21 st century)Leadership is the art of getting others to do something you want done because they want to do it. Abraham Zaleznik, Harvard Business ReviewDEFINITION OF MANAGEMENTManagement is a very popular term and has been used extensively for all display cases of activities and mainly for victorious charge of different activities in any enterprise. Management comprises of planning, organizing, staffing, decision making controlling.Management has also been defined as a process of getting things done with the take of achieving goals effectively efficiently.Objectives of managementOrganizational objectivesSocial objectivesPersonal objectivesManagement helps inAchieving group goalsIncrease efficiencyCreating a dynamic organizationAchieving private objectivesDevelopment of societyThere ar e three levels of management. They areTop level managementMiddle level managementOperational level managementBASISMANAGEMENTLEADERSHIPMeaningManagement has also been defined as a process of getting things done with the puzzle of achieving goals effectively efficiently.Leadership is a process of getting things done through people. endingsManagements goal is to achieve their profit margin or to provide genuine services.Leadership doesnt have certain goals to achieve unless until the leader creates.Person mandatoryManagers to lead workers to achieve the goals.Leaders to lead followers to follow their principles. modelManagement concept is complex large concept.Leadership concept is a part of management.Rules / PrinciplesThere are certain business laws principles to be followed by the organization to achieve the goals. Here if the manager is wrong workers can sweep through the managers wrongthness.There are no rules to be followed. So if the leader is wrong then all followers f ollow the wrong path.NeedanceThe concept of management is very much motiveed in the organization to achieve their goals.Leadership concept is not required compulsorily in organization and it is but required among labors or labor union.CoordinationCoordination among worker depends on principles, managers, etc. Coordination in management is higher compared to leadership.Coordination among followers are managed by leaders. Coordination in leadership is low compared to management. chatHere communication sent can be reaching very slowly but it is very reliable.Here communication sent can be reaching very quickly but it is not very reliable.TASK-2.2what is magnetic Leadership How Does It Work In An Organization? Illustrate With Examples magnetized leadership is leadership based on the leaders ability to communicate and behave in ways that reach fans in a basic way, emotionally, to inspire and motivate.A magnetized leader is one that provides an environment full of energy and positive reinforcement. If you are naturally magnetic, they are very lucky This is a feature that is not as hands-down to learn. attractive leaders inspire others and encourage them to be their best. Employees and members of the group want to impress a magnetized leader, so work hard and get through to succeed.Charismatic leaders, which are building a group, whether it is a semipolitical party, a sect or a business team, often focus in the main on making the very clear and distinct group, which separates it from other groups. then(prenominal) base the groups protrude, particularly in the minds of his followers, is far superior to all others. Charismatic leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, you can practice regularly to develop their skills. They can build trustingness through egotism-sacrifice visible and take personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They enter great confidence in his followers. They are very per suasive and make very effective use of body language and verbal language.What is charismatic leadership? DescriptionCharismatic leadership is defined by Max weber as resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual, and the prescriptive patterns or revealed or ordained by him. He defines charisma as a certain quality of an individual personality by integrity of which differs from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional plys or qualities. It is not accessible to the ordinary person but are considered of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the grounds that it treats the person as a leader in quality (). How concerned ultimately, taking into account the factors ethical, aesthetic, or other guide on of view as it is, of course, charismatic people irrelevant to the definition. Has a unusual ability to distill complex ideas into simple messages ( I have a dream ) are comm unicated using symbols, analogies, metaphors and stories. He also enjoyed the risk and feels abandon without him, are great optimists, who are rebels fighting against the convention, and that may seem idiosyncratic. Charismatic leaders are portrayed as heroes or magic organizational leaders have a base of loving power to unionise turnarounds, launching new businesses, inspire organizational renewal, and get a specific performance by members of the organization. These leaders inspire trust, faith and belief in them. Of course none of this is a guarantee that the mission will be correct, ethical, or successful.Charismatic leadership model (History)German sociologist Max Weber in the 1920 distinguished three ideal types of leadership, control and authority1. charismatic domination (familial and religious)2. Feudal / traditional domination (patriarchs, patrimonial, feudalism), and3. Bureaucratic /Legal domination (law and modern state, bureaucracy).Robert House (1977) used four sen tences to define charismatic leadership1. Dominant.2. Strong desire to influence others.3. Self-confident.4. A strong sense of moral values them.Conger and Kananga (1998) describe five behavioral attributes of charismatic leaders1. Vision and articulation.2. The sensitivity to the environment.3. The sensitivity to the postulate of the member.4. Personal risk taking.5. The realisation of unconventional behavior.More recently, charisma is the state theater (Gardner Alvolio, 1998)Charismatic leadership is a management process enacted theatrically printing to processing, scripting, staging, and acting.Using the charismatic leadership style Applications In difficult times or circumstances, such as changing the organization of emergency. Note that, according to Weber, a charismatic leader does not have to be a positive force. some(prenominal) Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler could be reasonably considered charismatic leaders. See groups of basic character of the speculation of some o f the mechanisms behind a charismatic leadership.Steps in the mould charismatic leadership approachJay Conger (1989) proposes the spare-time activity four-stage model of charismatic leadership1. Continuous assessment of the environment and the formulation of a vision.2. Communication of vision, with arguments of motivation and persuasion.3. Building trust and commitment. The subordinates must desire and support the goals of the leader and is likely to be achieved on coercion, but the leader to gain the confidence in the leader and the feasibility of the objectives it is likely that this is done by taking personal risks unconventional experience, and sacrifice.4. To achieve this goal by using role models, empowerment, and unusual tactics.Strengths of the benefits charismatic leadership style the relatively strong levels of inexplicit obedience. It is useful in difficult times or circumstances, such as changing the organization of emergency. Cash. If the charismatic leaders vision is correct, this style of leadership can be extremely effective. Rhetorical skill. Energy clarity, interior, visionary, unconventional, and exemplary.MOTHER TERESA square Name Agnes Gonxha BojaxhiuDATE OF stemma August 27 Th, 1910PLACE OF BIRTH YugoslaviaMother Teresa decided to spend the rest of her life to help the shortsighted and aimies when she was twelve years old. When she thought that her vocation is to help the poor, decided to train for missionary work. At eighteen she joined the Irish nuns, the Sisters of Loreto. After training in Dublin for a few months she went to India. In 1928 she took initial vows as a nun.1929-1948 she taught at St. Marys High School in Calcutta. Seeing the torture outside the school created a big impression on her to leave school and help the poor in 1949.She started a school outside homeless, without funds. Voluntary helpers soon joined her. She also legitimate financial support. On October 7, 1950 received permission to start their own Missi onaries of Charity, who cared and loved the people that naught else cared. Mother Teresa began fifty projects underway in India. Its projects include helping the people of the slums, childrens homes, homes for the dying, clinics and a leper colony. Her projects have been extended to other countries such as Africa, Asia, Latin America, Italy, Great Britain, Ireland and the United States.For all the work that Mother Teresa has received the following awards 1971 Pope John XXIII ease Prize, 1972 Nehur Prize for International Peace and Understanding, and 1979 Balzan Prize for the Promotion of Peace and Brotherhood United Nations.Shes a intimately charismatic leader. She did a wonderful job of saving those people who were like dying.www.myhero.comTASK-3.1What are The Early Theories of motivating, How Well Have They Been Supported by research?MeaningMotivation means incitement or inducement to act or move. In relevant to organization context, it means the process of making subordinate s to act in a desired manner to achieve a certain goal. Motivation distinguishes the sufficient reason of Becoming, of Knowledge, of being and of Action.(From the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer)Abraham Maslows Need power structure TheoryOne of the most frequently mentioned theories of motivation is the hierarchy of inevitably surmise put forward by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow saw human needfully in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and concluded that when a set of ask is satisfied, this involve no longer a motivator. tally to his theory, these needfully arePhysiological needs These are important needs for sustaining human life. Food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep, medicine and education are basic physiological needs, which are included in the main list of needs satisfaction. Maslow was views that until these needs are met in a level to sustain life, no other actuate factor to work.(Ii) Security or Safety needs These are the needs to b e free from physical danger and the fear of losing a job, goods, feed or shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional harm.(Iii) Social needs Since people are social beings, need to travel and be certain by others. People try to satisfy their need for affection, acceptance and friendship.(Iv) appraise needs According to Maslow, once people begin to satisfy their need to belong, they tend to want to be held in high esteem both by themselves and by others. This kind of need produces such satisfaction as power, prestige and ego-confidence status. This includes both internal factors such as the self esteem, autonomy and achievement and external factors as the states of the esteem, recognition and attention.(V) The need for self actualization Maslow believes that this is the greatest need in their hierarchy. It is the desire to be what one is capable of becoming it includes growth, achieving their potential and self-realization. Is to maximize their potential and to ac complish something. Motivation2As each of these needs is substantially satisfied the next need becomes dominant. From the standpoint of motivation, the theory would say that although it is not necessary always fully satisfied, satisfied need no longer motivates substantially. So if you want to motivate someone, you need to understand what is the level of the hierarchy of that person is on and focus on fulfilling the needs or the needs above that level.Maslows need theory has received wide recognition, especially among practicing managers. This can be attributed to the intuitive logic of the theory and ease of understanding. However, research does not validate these theories. Maslow provided no empirical rise and other studies attempting to validate the theory found no support. view much(prenominal) type of motivational technique helps the organization to fulfill the needs of employees and motivate them to work for their organization. Through this organizational goal as well as em ployee goals can be achieved.Theory X and Theory by Douglas McGregorMcGregor, in his book The Human Side of Enterprise provides that persons within the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, corresponding to the folk X and the other is basically positive, corresponding to the category Y. After eyesight the way the manager treated employees, McGregor concluded that a manager view of the nature of human beings is based on a particular group of cases and that he or she tends to shape their behavior toward subordinates According to these assumptions.Under the assumptions of the theory X Employees inherently disfavour work and whenever possible, try to fend off it. Because employees dislike work, have to be forced, coerced or threatened with punishment to achieve the goals. Employees avoid responsibilities and works to fill official guidelines are issued. Most workers place greater emphasis on safety above all other factors and show little ambition.I n blood line to the assumptions of Theory Y Physical and rational stress at work is as natural as rest or play. People will exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are committed to these goals. The average human being is willing to take responsibility and exercise the imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving organizational problems. The way in which things are organized, the intelligence of the average human being is alone partially.In the analysis of the assumptions that can detect that the Theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and Theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. An organization that runs on the Theory X lines tends to be overbearing in nature, the word authoritarian suggests ideas like the power to compel obedience and right to rule. In contrast to Theory Y organizations can be described as participatory, where the objectives of the organization and individuals that are integrated, people can achieve th eir own goals by direct their efforts towards the success of the organization.However, this theory has been widely criticized for the widespread job and human behavior.OPINION According to McGregor, he says all drawbacks faced by employees. He creates a picture where employees are punished using negative motivational technique and where managers get full use out of employee without any fulfillment of employee needs. such(prenominal) picture also shows that manager as devil for employees. Such practices are not prevailing very much in our society.The theory of Frederick Herzbergs motivation hygieneFederico has sought to modify the theory of Maslow need hierarchy. His theory is also known as the theory of two factors or hygiene theory. He stated that there are certain satisfactions and dissatisfaction of employees at work. In-intrinsic factors are tie in to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction. He devised his theory on the question What peopl e want from their jobs? He asked people to describe in detail, this type of situation when they felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad. From the responses received, he concluded that the opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction. Feature origin of unsatisfactory work, not necessarily do the job more satisfying. Affirms that the straw man of certain factors in the organization is natural and the presence of the aforementioned(prenominal) does not lead to motivation. However, their non-presence leads to demonization. Similarly, there are certain factors, without which causes dissatisfaction, but their presence has a motivational impact.Examples of hygiene factors areSafety, status, kindred with subordinates, personal life, salary, working conditions, the notificationship with the supervisor and company policy and administration.Examples of motivating factors areBrochure promoting the growth of employment, responsibility, challenges, recognition and achievement.OPINION Here, he says that opposite to satisfaction is not dissatisfaction. He also says that an employee dislike to perform a particular job because he doesnt get the likes through his job. This could be got through the motivations done by managers in form of recognition, achievement encouragement, etc.Theory McClellands NeedsDavid McClelland has developed a theory in three types of motivating needs1. Need for forefinger2. Need for Affiliation3. Need for achievementBasically people need to be high lean toward influence and control. They like to be in the center and are good speakers. They are demanding in nature, forceful in the customs and ambitious in life. They may be make to perform if disposed key positions or positions of power.In the second category are people who are social in nature. They try to join individuals and groups. They are driven by love and faith. They like to create a winsome environment around them. Social recognition and affiliation with others provides motivatio n.The people of the ternion area are governed by the challenge of success and fear of failure. Their need for achievement is moderate and they set moderately difficult tasks. They are analytical and take calculated risks. These people are motivated to perform when they see at least some chance of success.McClelland noted that with the advancement in the hierarchy of the need for greater power and performance rather than affiliation. He also noted that people who were at the top, later ceased to be motivated by this unit.OPINION McClelland is almost similar to Hertzberg Abraham Maslow. His idea is also given in the form of hierarchy mode. He presents those three levels from where employee needs are very much needed to be fulfilled to motivate them. Through this need are settled from higher to lower needs. According to him a person could be motivated by giving more power, through recognition of achievement, job security, autonomy, etc.TASK-3.2How Do The Contemporary Theories Of Work Motivation Complement One Another?Definition of contemporary theoriesA set of statements or principles set out to explain a set of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely received and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena that belong to the same age who live or occur in the same period.Equity TheoryAccording to equity theory by J. Stacey Adams, people are motivated by their beliefs about the structure of rewards to be pleasure ground or unfair, in relation to these entries. People have a temperament to follow a subjective criterion to balance the outcomes and inputs in relation to comparisons between different individuals. Therefore, if people feel they have the same reward that will reduce the quantity or quality of work or move to another organization. However, if people perceive that rewards are higher, may be motivated to work harder.OPINION Equity theory helps to ignore social problems between subordinates superviso rs in organization. This is because this principle clearly states that there is no different treatment within people working in an organization. Such type of principle should prevail in certain environment like political area. This principle helps another motivational principle known as Goal setting theory. If there is a goal to be achieved with the help of groups then employees in the group should maintain equality. Though they have more power compared to other group members they cannot punish them with stressed job. It will lead to thraldom revolution resulting in close down o

Socio Cultural Factors In Child Development Education Essay

Socio Cultural Factors In Child Development genteelness EssayChildren are the future of e rattling nation and people consider always strived for table serviceing them to reach the roughly of their potential in the horny state span. Todays small fryren have more complex needs which should be fulfilled for their correct aim of emergence. In this work we pass on try to everyplaceview terce kn take theories of shaver study and analyze the similarities and differences between them, as it is very local to know already existing theories to evaluate properly modern approaches to electric razor education and fix turn expose the essence of interaction of cognitive, forcible and emotional information of electric razorren to realize the immensity of knowing o their needs.Lev Vygotsky foc gived on the socio-cultural factors in child reading which he considered the most valuable. He state that most of knowledge which all(prenominal) child gets in the course of his supp uration is provided by a wise and experienced tutor (mostly parent or teacher). The tutor provides the child with both(prenominal) literal and nonverbal instructions which the child is meant to follow. And natural curiosity of the child helps him to do this. Vygotsky believed that higher mental regalees in the individual have their origin in social processes.1Moreover Vygotsky maintain that that social information had a tendency of preceding exploitation. Vygotsky was sure that learning was a essential and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function.2Also Vygotsky developed a system of higher mental functions. These functions are developed from the cultural as well asl, which are got by children unconsciously, in the process of getting the cultural, historical and other information by means of the verbal and nonverbal interaction with a tutor. In the process of knowledge children learn how to habituate thes e cultural tools. Higher mental functions include help, verbal thinking and memory.It is interesting that among all the mental tools Lev Vygotsky considered langu date as the most specific and important one. On the one slip away it is a necessary mean to provide children with verbal instructions, age on the other hand it serves as an utile means for intellectual adaptation of a child. unavowed speech according to Vygotsys mathematicalness helps children to deposit needed strategies to their activities3. Thus, language is nonhing else, but a boost for thinking and understanding. dungaree Piaget dungaree Piagets theory of child education is cognitive and is based on the system of introduces of cognitive development of a child. Following this system we may recognize much(prenominal) details asSensori motor set up (0 -2 years). At this stage children investigate the environs roughly them with the help of their sense. They excessively start learning how to master the th ings around them. For example, they get to know that if to throw an object it will fall and clear up some kind of noise. During this stage children realize that even if the object is not near them it still doesnt stop existing.Preoperational stage (2 7 years). This stage is in the main characterized by childrens inability to see things from the different taper of view, but their own one they are very ego-centric. At this stage children learn how to use language to describe objects in the world.Concrete operational stage (7-11). During this stage children can already think logically and predict the sequence of their actions. They also can classify objects into several categories.Formal operational stage (11+ years). At this stage children may think abstractly and can plan their actions done hypothesis. Moreover they are deeply concerned about the future.The key belief of the developmental theory of Jean Piaget is that nature is dominant over nurture.4 egress of his system of s tages of cognitive development of children we see that the first stage is sensorimotor one. At this stage the infants movements, carnal and intellectual lack precision and his activities and attention are dominated by external stimulation5Piaget underlines that the initial instincts including the see of sight, taste, touch, and hearing- of people are the most powerful and it is they which make their personalities on the whole.Jean Piaget believes that children are no slight intellectual than adults, but they think differently. From the very moment of birth of each child he has to do a lot of things to understand how people interact and how the whole world works, and then we suppose that they are less mentally powerful. Indeed, children have more confused brain abilities than adults, so if to take this suggestion as a outset point it is possible to overestimate our methods of teaching and educating.Arnold GesellThe maturational theory of Arnold Gesell, which is characterized by biological perspective, is based on the belief that every child has a specific plan or programme within his body as for his development. Gesell was convinced that heredity or nature has a primary tempt on the development of a child.Gesell is known for establishing certain norms for children at every stage of their growth and developed the so-called gradients of growth. Among them we may occur motor characteristics, personal hygiene, fears, emotional expression, play, school life, ethics, and philosophic outlook6.Gesell believed that the development of the child through any education or play should be spontaneous. He suggested that through the course of evolution children inherited some kind of decree which prescribed their actions and needs, so if a parent wants to help his child o find his life path the most effective way would be to let the child choose it himself.The key similarity in the developmental theories of Jean Piaget and Arnold Gesell lies in their belief in the dom inance of nature over nurture7. Both theorists also developed original systems of measuring either the stages of child development or the indicators of their growth. Moreover it is needed to point out that all the three theories are promoting effective interaction of tutors and children in the process of their development although according to each of the theories their work is differently directed.Unlike Vygotskys model that social learning should obviously precede the development Piaget considered that learning was less important thing in the child development the main find instead he saw in nature. Also it is necessary to character that Vygotsky paid much more attention to the socio-cultural factors in child development than other theorists8. Although the theories of Gesell and Piaget are alike in many aspects, the difference is that Piaget underlined the major(ip) influence of sensorimotor stage on child development while Gesell believed much in heredity, i.e. Piaget maintai ned that the child cannot enter the next stage until he fulfills the previous one, while Gesell was sure that child would be whom he ought to be due to the biological scheme within his body.Analyzing the theories of child development makes us ponder over importance of effective interaction of cognitive, corporal and emotional interaction in the process of development of children. In the look of fact unless all these aspects are properly accomplished the child has fewer chances to realize him or her in life as it is needed. Cognitive development refers to memory, concentration, attention and imagination9. It helps children to do well at school, dream, pretend what they will be in future, model different life situations, understand and use symbols, count and even write compositions. On the whole cognitive development is necessary for a child to solve their problems at every stage of their development. Proper physical development is responsible for childrens coordination, motor abili ties and other physical skills. Emotional development helps children to possess such(prenominal) traits as self-regulation, self-sufficiency, self-concept and proper egotism10. If only the previous aspects of development are in proper level child has chances to make a positive and healthy self-image. The main point is that poor physical development may influence badly the level of attention or even memory of a child which would certainly lead to problems at school and thus to under-self-estimation. And vice versa if a child is poorly developed emotionally he may be supine and ignorant which will lead to poor physical and cognitive development11. Therefore interaction of physical, emotional and cognitive development is of primary importance both for tutors and children.Evidently knowing the principles of forming of the childs personality is of great importance both for parents, teachers and psychologists. Unless we know the needs of the child or an adolescent at the specially stag e of his development we will hardly be able to help him. Knowing the key milestones of the development at childs age group it is possible to evaluate his or her physical, cognitive and emotional development and find the best way fro every concrete child to improve each aspect. It is furthest more important nowadays, when children have access to the media, computers and Internet and can themselves find all the answers(as it seems to them) to their questions, so they seldom ask their tutors how to solve their problems instead they make decisions by themselves, often no the most reasonable ones. In such situations it is accompanimently valuable to be aware of the peculiarities of development of children at this age and what problems most of them usually face. It goes without saying that knowing norms of children and adolescents will help to find adequate advice to promote children to reach their potential in life.All the three theories of child development proved to be reasonable a nd useful. We found out that Lev Vygotskys theory was based primarily on socio-cultural factors of development. The theorist believed that learning preceded development and that made the main difference between his theory and the theory of Jean Piaget who was sure that the childs potential depended on the development of his senses and instincts first of all. Another adult theorist Arnold Gesell was sure that nature dominated over nurture too and his key concept was that heredity was absolutely responsible for the development of particular child. Gesell and Piaget even developed their own systems of evaluating of either the stages of child development or the indicators of their growth. Although the theories differ in many aspects, every of them is directed on effective interaction between tutors and children and that is the key value of every of them. It is important to be able to realize the needs of children and adolescents to help them in reaching their potential. In this process it is necessary to each a well-organized interaction between cognitive, physical and emotional development of children.

Expressive Art Therapy The Rosebush Technique

Expressive trick Therapy The Rosebush TechniqueThe aspiration of this paper is to research Expressive Art therapy and to present one merged inventionifice activity, the Rosebush fantasy, which is an effective strategy proven in school counseling. Allowing peasantren to project is giving them the ability to use another language to share feelings, ideas, perceptions, fantasies, and observations of how they come across themselves, others and the environment in an effective, non- dark way. The rosebush fantasy technique is used as an testifyive finesse therapy method to access the emotional world of children in a non-verbal way (Ray et al., 2004, p.277).Clients with various problems lav be reached through communicative art therapy as a tool for awakening dormant creativity which apprise be used through artistic self-expression. It re repositions the creative/inspiration that customers store deep within by expressing through art. Psychotherapy green goddess do clients verb alizing their unspoken and unresolved conflicts whereas expressive art therapy will assist the clients to express themselves in a creative grounds without relying on verbal means. Clients of tot all toldy ages female genitalia use expressive art therapy to gain a wagerer understanding of their unconscious through interpretation in their artwork that whitethorn show developmental phases and of psychic structure. This therapy is mean for accessing unseen resources and may earmark clients a tool for expressing their internal conflicts that they can use throughout their liveliness art therapy is an engaging and effective way for many clients, children and adults to create art that is essenceful and have an emotional effect. It is a way for clients to become to a greater extent aware of their self perception. Children may be more receptive to expressive art therapy than adult clients who may prefer the verbal barbel, but clients of all ages can benefit from art therapy. These th erapies also help the study of the egotism and the relationship between graphic form and character development (Synder, 1997, p. 74). agree to Corey (2009), Carl Rogers theory of creativity is use expressive art to enhance personalised growth for man-to-mans and congregations. Carl Rogers approach known as expressive art therapy broadens the person-centered approach to spontaneous creative expression that symbolizes deep, inaccessible feelings and emotional states. Drawing, moving, music, painting, sculpting, writing and extemporisation are all various artistic forms used in expressive art therapy. This approach is to mix in the mind, body and spirit and are base on the humanistic principles but given fuller form to Carl Rogers intuitive feeling of creativity (p.181). By using creative approaches to counseling students respond positively. conventional talk therapy is not as effective as art therapy. Art allows the child to assign with the counselor through images rather t han words. Counselors developed an refilling non-verbal technique for children who do not possess the developmental ability to integrate feeling, thoughts, and experiences (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277).According to Ray et al. (2004), J. Stevens saw that adults tend to alienate unpleasant experiences that were make distress to themselves. Rosebush Identification Fantasy was created so that adults could reconnect with those unpleasant aspects of their experiences. He eviscerate that the participants responses to the rosebush exercise were a result of their own projection of their own experiences. Participants imagined themselves as a rosebush and identified their experiences onto the rosebush. V. Oaklander, a Gestalt child therapist, recognized that both client and therapist can have fun through fantasy and the demonstrate of expression of feelings. She adapted the rosebush Identification fantasy for the use of children. The technique can be used to reveal the childs subjective phen omenological world by using this art activity. This technique allows the child to communicate and share themselves with the counselor in a non- tralatitious format (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277).The rosebush fantasy drawing begins with a short relief exercise that focuses on muscle relaxation and concentration on breathing. acting soothing music in the background can be right-hand to relax children and allows them to clean their minds of intervening thoughts. The therapist will then necessitate specific question that will define the self as the rosebush such(prenominal) as, What kind of rosebush are you? Are you small or big? Do you have flowers? Who is taking care of you? Do you have thorns? When the counselor feels that the child has had enough time to process those questions they ask the child to open their eyeball and draw themselves as the rosebush. The counselor allows enough time to complete the drawing. The meaning of this exercise is how the child interprets and explains t he rosebush. The counselor may ask the child to describe the rosebush. The counselor may create the creativity by having the child attest a story of the rosebush and what kind of environment the rosebush is in. If the counselor attempt to connect the childs drawing to their real-life situation the child may become threatened. The counselor may also ask, Is there anything in this drawing that reminds you of your own life? (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277).Drawings can quickly bring to surface issues relevant to counseling that can change the counselors ability to mediate effectively with the client. Direct questions can be threatening when asking children their actual situation. By using their descriptions of their rosebush fantasy, drawing becomes less threatening. By allowing the child to draw a fantasy the child has emotional blank space from the reality of life. The child is able to express details verbally closely the rosebush that correlates with their scene of self in a full wa y. The rosebush technique can be presented in an individual or group session. In an individual session the therapist can have a better understanding of the clients world. To help understand perspectives of others and present themselves to others, this technique is beneficial for a group format (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277).The rosebush technique allows clients to use another language to express their feelings, thoughts, emotions and perceptions of how they view the world. Art drawing is a vehicle to help clients channel their emotions in a non-verbal way and allows the client to feel safe with the counselor. Expressive art therapy is an effective way of counseling that does not involve in traditional verbal communication between counselor and client. It allows the client to feel safe in a non-threatening way to express ones hidden feelings through art.

The United Kingdom Beverage Market Essay -- Business and Management St

The join Kingdom beverage marketplaceINTRODUCTIONArmstrong Corporation is a pabulum products manufacturing keep conjunction, withproducts which include ready-to-eat cereals, frozen pies, snack itemsand carbonated drinks. Funky-Cola is the flagship brand of thecarbonated beverage division. Our company has decided to introduceFunky-Cola to the United Kingdom beverage market. In this paper, themarket potential and opportunities of the country would beinvestigated in order to endorse our decision to enter into the UKmarket.Funky-Cola has been doing very well in our Malaysian market. Ourcompanys sales in the form 2003 amounted to over RM2 billion, withFunky-Cola contributing 25% of the over all in all revenues. Because of thisstrong performance, our company believes that Funky-Cola has thepotential to be successful in a foreign country. We have pooledtogether our companys resources to lead a thorough research on the UKmarket and the R&D department is working towards extending ou r productline in order to alter to the countrys market.With our successful past performances, we believe that our company has comme il faut resources, in terms of capital and managerial expertise, toform a exclusively owned subsidiary company in UK. This subsidiary companywould in the first place produce Funky-Cola for the UK market. COUNTRY ATTRACTIVENESSOur company chose to enter the UK market because of its potentials andopportunities. harmonize to a research, the market for the drinksbought by Britons is worth an estimated 51.85 billion in the year2004, which makes UK the worlds tenth biggest cola market. Theresearch also revealed that 7.2% of all consumers spending are spenton purchasing drinks and Britons drink cxxx cans of soft drinks or43litres per year. However, Britons are moving towards consuming different cast ofdrinks, such as squashes, diet colas, energy drinks, tea and soforth. thither is also a new breed of health conscious potent consumersin the UK. This was du e to the increased focus on obesity by thegovernment and media. Therefore, Britons have decreased the frequencyof consuming cola drinks. Our company sees this as an opportunity torevive the cola market by producing league drinks which combines thetraditional cola with the new preferred drinks of Britons. This wouldsatisfy the UK consumers need to hindrance healthy, and at the same time,continue to enjoy the great taste ... ...cost specialisationstrategy. From research, the standard cola toll in retail outletsare as followa) 330ml can - 0.39 Our price - 0.30b) 2litre bottle - 1.32 Our price - 1.25c) 1.25litre bottle - 1.09 Our price - 1.00REFERENCESRed Bulls Place in the UK easy Drinks Markethttp//www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/redbull/redbull11.htmBBC News BusinessCola Sales Set to Lose scintillatehttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3121690.stmCoca-Cola Britain Using Market Research to demote Product Rangehttp//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case_study.php?cID=3&csID=108&pID=1Diet Soft Dr ink Battle Heating Up in UKhttp//www.beverageworld.com/beverageworld/index.jspDrinks Market UK Beverage Market Research from Key Notehttp//www.just-drinks.com/store/products_detail.asp?art=32671&lk=rotw_archBirmingham Wikipedia, the vindicate Encyclopediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirminghamUnited Kingdom Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_KingdomWest Midlands Directory of Health, Sports, seaworthiness & Leisure Clubshttp//www.health-club.net/w-midlands.htmSainsbury to You Price Checkhttp//www.sainsburystoyou.com/index.jsp?bmUID=1115818459144

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Essay -- Discovery, Faustyn Edmun

Recently, in the Journal of Rheumatology in an interesting handling concerning the application of sedimentation rank and CRP (C-reactive protein) appeared inaccurate information about the history of the breakthrough of ESR. Crowson, Rahman and Matteson in the article (1) and later in the discussion (2) suggested that the breakthrough of ESR occurred in the 20s of the last century. However, the discovery was not made in the 20s of the twentieth Century, but at the end of the Nineteenth Century. For the sake of the highest standards of the discussion, in only its human faces, we would like to remind that the discoverer of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was a Polish physician Faustyn Edmund Biernacki (1866-1911) (3,4,5,6,7). He announced the discovery in 1897 in two articles simultaneously one written in Polish in Gazeta Lekarska (4) and the second in German in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (5). It is also realistic to identify, as an important historical fact, t he exact day of Biernackis discovery. Shortly earlier the publication of works describing ESR, on the 22nd of June 1897 during a meeting of the capital of Poland Medical Society Biernacki presented five most important conclusions from his observations (6,7). These conclusions were as follows course sedimentation rate and volume of residue produced is various in different individuals channel with small amounts of blood cells sediments faster blood sedimentation rate depends on the level of fibrynogens in the blood plasma during the course of hectic diseases (rheumatic fever included) with large amounts of plasma fibrinogen the ESR is increased, and in the defibrinated blood the sedimentation process is slower. The findings presented by Biernacki clearly show the clinical entailment of th... ...Medica Scandinavica and in the same year 1921. Biernacki on the other hand presented his discovery in German and Polish more than twenty years before. Therefore, is it possible that in th e scientists noted only the reports of the discovery presented in English and in one magazine? Or is it just an oversight resulting from an insufficient scientific knowledge about (or of?) historical facts? In order to maintain the highest standards of scientific reliability the ESR test should be named by specifying the method utilise e.g. Westergrens ESR test method. The ESR test was discovered by Biernacki, and Westergrens achievement was the development of a new laboratory technique. We presume that in the scientific reports in which there is a historical aspect of the introduction of the ESR test (even if only as a reference), Biernackis discovery was not overlooked.

Internet - Fight for Survival of E-Commerce :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Fight for Survival of E-Commerce Abstract How usher out e-businesses be prospered in the new millennia? This paper looks at some(prenominal) the industry-wide and individual company trends that are developing, from what it takes to remain competitive, to public assurance in security. It hasnt been an palmy year for e-commerce. With so many e-businesses failing, and just as many emerging, the key to survival has been the attraction and retention of customers. Different companies need several(predicate) approaches, however, with one being the use of online coupons. At the same time, the industry is getting a better image as security is addressed - more(prenominal) specifically, the confidence of buying online with credit cards. Creating and retaining a customer base on the Internet is not an easy task. Different companies need to have diametric approaches, depending on what their product is, and who their competitions are. To analyze these companies, we split them int o type types - the niche competitor and the direct competitor. The niche competitor is exactly what its list implies. These are the companies with a specific niche - their customer base comes from the fact that they offer a one-of-a-kind service. An example of this is the online auction put Ebay. Ebay provides a service that when first introduced, was non-existent on the Internet. Today, there is no other online auction site that even begins to competitor Ebay in either its number of users and/or hits per day. Boasting over 10 million registered users as of December of 1999, Ebay had over 3 million items listed for deal in an excess of 3,000 categories that very same month 3. PC info Online, a service that rates websites by the amount of traffic received, position Ebay 8th in their monthly Top 100. No other auction-oriented site appeared on the list 6. For a niche competitor to be successful against similar niche competitors, however, it must offer both a profound product an d good advertisement. Ebay succeeded by saturating the market with advertisements early and quickly, and by providing an easy to use and attractive interface. Ebays early competitors did not do so healthful - while Ebay advertised on television, most did not, and most auction sites patently did not look as good as Ebays. Even today, hayseed Auctions pales in comparison to Ebay, aesthetically. Indeed, Ebay is both a well-tuned site and household name and thus has been able to fend off and retain customers from would-be competitors much(prenominal) as Yahoo Auctions, and AuctioNet.

Personality and the Workplace Essay -- Workplace Essays

Personality and the Workplace I choose to discuss a situation at a previous job as opposed to anything that may be a current situation. I will, therefore, set the st succession, so to speak. The company is a sm in all business that deals with commercial real estate management. The company is well on the way to befitting well known industry wide and soon after I began domesticateing with this company, they merged with several others, thereby forming an almost nationwide corporation.When I was hired at this company, it was because of who I knew and not because I interviewed for the position. I was live in another state and, when hired, I only had two weeks to shoot myself and move to Atlanta. Although I was not at all familiar with the commercial real estate arena, I did study hard to learn what everything was and how it all related. Just as an interjection here, let me also note that this was tour I was very sick before I had been diagnosed and begun treatment for my run-down Arthritis. As difficult as it was, I still managed to get to work on time every day and get my job do with minimal errors. My executive program was a woman who was close to me in age but I believe this was her first experience at world a supervisor. A first experience as a supervisor is tough, indeed, but let us add one more problem. She was of Cuban descent and, although she had lived in the United States for quite a few yea...

Essay --

We be here in this country to bring peace and harmony through financial stability of mess across Pakistan. We atomic number 18 here to promote individual and corporate growth nationwide and we atomic number 18 best at it and yes, we can.. caravanserai Banking fellowshipYour financial partner Khan Banking Corporation Ltd. is much(prenominal) a bank which I feel proud to work for. People clasp on dreaming their whole life to be part of such a glorious and significant company that produces you the top priority. Yes we argon the Pioneers of Banking. We are Your Financial Partners.We Are DemonstratingKhan Banking Corporation is the bank which is striving for righteousness nationwide and also managed to ground a deep place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan with their excellent and unique services of banking and finance nationwide.We are proud to announce of becoming one of the most acceptable and appreciated bank not only in Pakistan but throughout the globe. We are here to provide the best we can for our honorable and precious customers nationwide. They are our top priority and the only asset.An Annual Re-AssuranceThis code of conduct is not just merely a piece of paper but it is our air of living, contributing, dealing and servicing the people of company and people of Pakistan. And we make positive(predicate) and expect our beloved and respectable employees to follow these codes of conduct to serve the people of Pakistan at its best.Conducting our business with the highest standards of ethics and integrity is essential to living up to the ethical banking promise of our company. By doing things the right way, we can support our customers and clients speckle holding true to the values we believe in. Asad Ahmad KhanC.E.O Khan Banking Corporation (KBC)Purp... ...Rendering of ServicesImplementation and following of policy documentEnsuring implementation of policiesNo hidden aspects of policy of advancement of short and long term impart Financing. Easily understandable policies.Clear Whistle blowing criteria (whom to report and confidentiality that is HR department)Legal action and compliance against corporate crimes (C.E.O Decision would be ultimate) exsert but not the LeastIntegrity, honesty, care, morality, loyalty, cooperation ,teamwork are the much needed essentials which lead guide your positive actions and behavior towards the company. High aims are guided by high levels of morality and ethics. So do the right thing to make things right for yourself and your company. Make your company proud of you because these things when put together make Royalty. May all the odds will be in your favor.

Contradictions of Character in George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion Essay

Manners are the happy way of doing things gibe to Ralph Waldo Emerson. According to Emerson people use dexterity as a forepart to make themselves look better. Inherently, this will lead to a contradiction of the earlier and the reality. One such man who is most concerned with manners is the adorer of Shaws Pygmalion, Professor Henry Higgins. Higgins is a man who displays contradictions within his character. He is in the business of teaching proper manners, although lacks them himself. In addition, Higgins is an intelligent man, and only he is ignorant of the feelings of those around him. Another apparent contradiction is that Higgins satellite charm serves to hide his bullying nature. He manipulates Eliza and others around him to serve his cause purposes, without any(prenominal) regard for her feelings. Higgins, a teacher of proprietary manners, lacks those very manners which others pay to learn from him. Ironically, Higgins believes that he is the greatest teacher of manne rs. He announces that in three months he could pass Eliza make as a duchess. Higgins thinks that he squeeze out take any lower class girl and pass her off as a duchess. He truly believes that he is capable of transforming Eliza. erst the teaching begins, Higgins shows no respect for others in his life. When he goes to see his mother, she reminds him that he promised not to come on her days when she is having guests. He ignores this promise to his mother because he believes that his newest experiment is more important than his mothers insignificant visitors are. This fashion continues throughout the ... ...ulative experiments on life. Higgins tries to use his charm to manipulate people into self-aggrandising him what he wants, but when this tactic fails he resorts to brute force and abuse. It is horrific that a man with such great qualities and characteristics can also put one over the bad qualities that are opposite of those great ones. How these traits can coexist in one p erson does not make sense. One of the traits must be a false front. This is the nature of the world. When two opposites come together in the same place and do not alter each other, so one of them is kept up as a faade. At any moment in time this faade can move or crack and the true nature of the person will come to light. citizenry who display too many contradictions in character are commonly true hypocrites.

Islamic Science in the Medieval Era Essay -- History, Middle, Medieval

There are many terms utilise to appoint the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance, three main terms being the Middle, Medieval, and Dark Ages. In general, these terms are used interchangeably, but are these fair substitutions? In recent years the term Dark Ages is becoming less and less acceptable as a phrase which describes the spoil of years it is meant to refer to. The use of the term dispirited implies a period of stagnation, which is becoming a questionable concept. In particular, the span of time referred to in this paper is 530-1452 BCE, with specific attention paid to the scientific discoveries and mutations rather than art or literature. These dates are signifi goatt because in 529 the honorary society and Lyceum in Athens were shutdown by the Byzantine emperor, thereof ending the Greek intellectual influence. The date of 1453 is chosen because many Greek texts arrived in Europe in 1453 after the fall of Constantinople at the turn over of the Tur ks, thereby reviving the struggling European scientific field (Bunch 93). This act ordain show that the gallant period was not a supposed dark age because of scientific innovation in the Islamic world, and is exactly referred to as such because of the popular bias in the West of way on Europe. In order to make this clear, firstly, two objections to this proposition will be analyzed and clearly refuted. Following these counter arguments, the main angle of historical facts and events in the identification and explanation of Islamic scientific innovation will be presented, showing the inaccuracy of referring to the medieval period as dark. Finally, I will show that the misleading perception of the medieval era as stagnant is due to the modern bias for the superiority of Western... ...ime period in a positive scientific light. The distinction between modern and medieval science was described as medieval science being more theoretical in nature and modern being of the more appl y variety. Through the further presentation of the plethora of Islamic scientists, covering fields as diverse as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and physics it has been shown, without a doubt, that significant scientific contributions were made in this period. Finally, the source of this misconception was exposed through the common inadvertent perception of the past as a European narrative. History can easily be focused around Europe, and to do so produces a view of the medieval era being stagnant. However, when one looks at the great global picture, it is clear that the Islamic world more than makes up for this relieve in innovation, successfully brightening the Dark Age.